tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2709941264379271452024-03-12T20:10:59.975-07:00my blogjafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-19531544001394564262014-06-03T02:12:00.000-07:002014-06-03T02:12:11.448-07:00telematika<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TELEMATIKA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Definisi Telmatika</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata
Telematika berasal dari bahasa Perancis “TELEMATIQUE” yang berarti bertemunya
sistem jaringan komunikasi dengan teknologi informasi. Istilah telematika
merujuk pada cyberspace sebagai suatu sistem elektronik yang lahir dari
perkembangan dan konvergensi telekomunikasi, media dan informatika. Istilah
Teknologi Informasi itu sendiri merujuk pada perkembangan teknologi
perangkat-perangkat pengolah informasi. Para praktisi menyatakan bahwa
TELEMATICS adalah singkatan dari TELECOMMUNICATION and INFORMATICS sebagai
wujud dari perpaduan konsep Computing and Communication. Istilah Telematics
juga dikenal sebagai (the new hybrid technology) yang lahir karena perkembangan
teknologi digital. Perkembangan ini memicu perkembangan teknologi
telekomunikasi dan informatika menjadi semakin terpadu atau populer dengan
istilah konvergensi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media komunikasi yang digunakan
untuk telematika</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internet</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Handphone</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Video
Conference</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perkembangan telematika sebelum dan sesudah internet muncul</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peristiwa proklamasi 1945 membawa
perubahan yang bagi masyarakat Indonesia, dan sekaligus menempatkannya pada
situasi krisis jati diri. Krisis ini terjadi karena Indonesia sebagai sebuah
negara belum memiliki perangkat sosial, hukum, dan tradisi yang mapan. Situasi
itu menjadi ‘bahan bakar’ bagi upaya-upaya pembangunan karakter bangsa di tahun
50-an dan 60-an. Di awal 70-an, ketika kepemimpinan soeharto, orientasi
pembangunan bangsa digeser ke arah ekonomi, sementara proses – proses yang
dirintis sejak tahun 50-an belum mencapai tingkat kematangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam latar belakang sosial
demikianlah telekomunikasi dan informasi, mulai dari radio, telegrap, dan
telepon, televise, satelit telekomunikasi, hingga ke internet dan perangkat
multimedia tampil dan berkembang di Indonesia. Perkembangan telematika penulis
bagi menjadi 2 masa yaitu masa sebelum atau pra satelit dan masa satelit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Di periode pra satelit (sebelum tahun 1976), perkembangan teknologi
komunikasi di Indonesia masih terbatas pada bidang telepon dan radio. Radio
Republik Indonesia (RRI) lahir dengan di dorong oleh kebutuhan yang mendesak
akan adanya alat perjuangan di masa revolusi kemerdekaan tahun 1945, dengan
menggunakan perangkat keras seadanya. Dalam situasi demikian ini para pendiri
RRI melangsungkan pertemuan pada tanggal 11 September 1945 untuk merumuskan
jati diri keberadaan RRI sebagai sarana komunikasi antara pemerintah dengan
rakyat, dan
antara
rakyat dengan
rakyat.Sedangkan telepon pada masa itu tidak terlalu penting sehingga anggaran
pemerintah untuk membangun telekomunikasipun masih kecil jumlahnya. Saat itu,
telepon dikelola oleh PTT (Perusahaan Telepon dan Telegrap) saja. Sampai
pergantian rezim dari Orla ke Orba di tahun 1965, RRI merupakan operator tunggal
siaran radio di Indonesia. Setelah itu bermunculan radio – radio siaran swasta.
Lima tahun kemudian muncul PP NO. 55 tahun 1970 yang mengatur
tentang radio siaran non
pemerintah.Periode awal tahun 1960-an merupakan masa suram bagi
pertelekomunikasian Indonesia, para ahli teknologi masih menggeluti teknologi
sederhana dan “kuno”. Misalnya saja, PTT masih menggunakan sentral-sentral
telepon yang manual, teknik radio High Frequency ataupun saluran kawat terbuka
(Open Were Lines). Pada masa itu, banyak negara pemberi dana untuk Indonesia –
termasuk pendana untuk pengembangan telekomunikasi, menghentikan bantuannya.
Hal itu karena semakin memburuknya situasi dan kondisi ekonomi dan politi di
Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tercatat bahwa pada masa 1960-1967,
hanya Jerman saja yang masih bersikap setia dan menaruh perhatian besar pada
bidang telekomunikasi Indonesia, dan menyediakan dana walau di masa-masa sulit
sekalipun. Ketika itu pengembangan telekomunikasi masih difokuskan pada
pengadaan sentra telepon, baik untuk komunikasi lokal maupun jarak jauh, dan
jaringan kabel. Indonesia saat itu belum memiliki satelit. Sentral telepon
beserta perlengkapan hubungan jarak jauh ini diperoleh dari Jerman. Pada saat
itu, Indonesia hanya dapat membeli produk yang sama, dari perusahaan yang sama,
yakni Perusahaan Jerman. Tidak ada pilihan lain bagi Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keleluasaan barulah bisa dirasakan
setelah di tahun 1967/1968 mengalir pinjaman-pinjaman ke Indonesia, baik
bilateral ataupun pinjaman multilateral dari Bank Dunia, melalui pinjaman yang
disepakati IGGI. Akan tetapi, pada masa inipun inovasi dalam pemfungsian
teknologi telekomunikasi masih belum berkembang dengan baik di negeri ini. Peda
dasarnya kita memberi dan memakai perlengkapan seperti switches, cables,
carries yang sudah lazim kita pakai sebelumnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan penyiaran televisi lahir tahun
1962 sebelum adanya satelit yang semula hanya dimaksudkan sebagai perlengkapan
bagi penyelenggara Asian Games IV di Jakarta. Siaran percobaan pertama kali
terjadi pada 17 Agustus 1962 yang menyiarkan upacara peringatan kemerdekaan RI
dari Istana Merdeka melalui microwave. Dan pada tanggal 24 Agustus 1962, TVRI
bisa menyiarkan upacara pembukaan Asian Games, dan tanggal itu dinyatakan
sebagai hari jadi TVRI. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdorong oleh inovasi, akhirnya
pada tanggal 14 November 1962 untuk pertama kalinya TVRI memberanikan diri
melakukan siaran langsung dari studio yang berukuran 9×11 meter dan tanpa
akustik yang memadai. Acaranya terbatas, hanya berupa permainan piano tunggal
oleh B.J. Supriadi dengan pengaruh acara Alex Leo. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih setahun setelah siaran
pertama, barulah keberadaan TVRI dijelaskan dengan pembentukan Yayasan TVRI
melalui Keppres No. 215/1963 tertanggal 20 oktober 1963. Antara lain disebutkan
bahwa TVRI menjadi alat hubungan masyarakat (mass communication media) dalam
pembangunan mental/spiritual dan fisik daripada Bangsa dan Negara Indonesia
serta pembentukan manusia sosialis Indonesia pada khususnya.<br />
Sampai tahun 1989, TVRI merupakan operator tunggal di bidang penyiaran
televise.<br />
Jadi sebelum satelit palapa mengorbit, Indonesia hanya mengenal telekomunikasi
yang bersifat terestrial, yakni yang jangkauannya masih dibatasi oleh lautan.
Telekomunikasi seperti ini tidak bisa menjangkau pulau-pulau kecuali melalui
penggunaan SKKL (Saluran Komunikasi Kabel Laut) yang mahal dan sulit
dipergunakan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gagasan tentang peluncuran satelit
bagi telekomunikasi domestik di Indonesia bisa ditelusuri asal muasalnya dari
sebuah konferensi di Janewa tahun 1971 yang disebut WARCST (World
Administrative Radio Confrence on Space Telecomunication). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada konferensi itu di tampilkan
pila pameran dari perusahaan raksasa pesawat terbang Hughes. Perusahaan inilah
yang mengusulkan ide pemanfaatan satelit bagi kepentingan domestik Indonesia.
Hal tersebut disambut oleh Suhardjono yang berlatar belakang militer dan
membawa masalah satelit itu sampai ke Presiden RI. Selain pertimbangan
kelayakan ekonomi dan teknis, sejarah peluncuran satelit ini juga diwarnai oleh
kepentingan politik dimana hubungan antara Indonesia dengan negara- negara lain
sudah mulai bersahabat. Di sisi lain, satelit memungkinkan penyebaran luas
ideologi negara ke masyarakat luas melalui TV, satelit juga menguntungkan
secara ekonomi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi tentang cara-cara
menggali sumber daya alam dapat berlangsung dengan mudah. Ini berlaku untuk
kasus tembaga pura (Freeport) dan di Dili. Peluncuran satelit Palapa di Cape
Canaveral, Florida, bulan Agustus 1976 pada panel peluncuran terdapat 3 orang
Indonesia dan perwakilan dari perusahaan NASA dan Hughes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kejadian ini diresmikan juga melalui
pidato kenegaraan oleh presiden Soeharto di Jakarta, tanggal 16 Agustus 1976.
ini merupakan satu- satunya proyek teknologi yang mendapat tempat terhormat di
gedung Parlemen. Namun peluncuran satelit itu merupakan kebijakan nasional yang
gagasan awalnya dicetuskan oleh pemerintah. Hal ini didasarkan pada
pertimbangan bahwa Indonesia pernah mengalami ancaman perpecahan. Untuk
mempersatukan tanah air yang sangat luas ini diperlukan sarana perhubungan yang
mencakup seluruh wilayah nusantara. Proses kelahiran satelit ini hanya
melibatkan sedikit teknokrat dan teknolog yang berpihak pada kepentingan Orba</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Harapan kedepan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diharapkan dengan adanya
telematika ini kemudahan dalam memperoleh Informasi secara<u> cepat</u>.
Informasi yang diperoleh dapat bersifat real time artinya pada saat itu juga.
Selain itu informasi yang diinginkan dapat diperoleh secara langsung pada
sumbernya sehingga mengurangi adanya distorsi informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber: http://upadama.blogspot.com/2012/10/pengertian-telematika.html</span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-74952914046034073302014-06-03T02:10:00.003-07:002014-06-03T02:10:48.326-07:00Proses Terjadinya Hujan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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/* Style Definitions */
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
Terjadinya Hujan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hujan adala peristiwa dari titik-titik
air dalam awan yang makin lama makin besar dan berat, dan akhirnya akan jatuh
ke bumi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hujan dapat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses terjadi hujan dimulai dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-
penguapan di laut, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- uap
air itu berubah menjadi awan, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- awan
berubah menjadi titik-titk air dalam awan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">-
titiktitik air dalam awan tersebut jatuh ke permukaan bumi sebagai hujan. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- air
hujan di muka bumi kemudian mengalir lagi ke laut, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">- air
laut menguap lagi, demikian seterusnya. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Proses ini juga disebut <b><i>siklus hidrologi</i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe-Tipe Hujan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa
jenis tipe hujan yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hujan konvektif, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hujan orografis, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hujan frontal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hujan siklonal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hujan konvektif atau zenithal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
hujan yang terjadi karena adanya pemanasan sinar matahari pada suatu massa
udara sehingga massa udara tersebut memuai atau naik dan mengalami pengembunan,
atau menghasilkan hujan deras namun tidak berlangsung lama. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hujan
konvektif sering terjadi di daerah tropis karena intensitas penyinaran matahari
yang tinggi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hujan orografis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
hujan terjadi karena adanya gerakan udara yang menaiki pegunungan dan kemudian
mengalami kondensasi atau pengembunan. Kemudian udara yang telah mengalami
kondensasi tersebut membentuk awan yang menimbulkan hujan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hujan frontal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
terjadi karena bertemunya dua massa udara yang berlainan suhunya. Udara yang
lebih panas dipaksa naik karena bertumbukan dengan udara yang lebih dingin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) Hujan
siklonal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hujan
siklonal terjadi karena pengaruh angin siklon. Angin siklon adalah angin yang berputar
menuju ke titik pusat. Sedangkan angin yang berputar keluar dari titik pusat
disebut angin anti siklon. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hujan
yang terjadi karena pengaruh angin yang berputar (siklon) yang sangat
berbahaya, karena sering menimbulkan bencana yang berupa tornado dan siklon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tropis
“Hurricane”. Kedua badai itu sering melanda Amerika Serikat (USA).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber:
http://harunarcom.blogspot.com/2014/03/proses-terjadinya-hujan-dan-tipe-hujan.html</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-80548510851277176692014-06-03T02:09:00.000-07:002014-06-03T02:09:11.909-07:00proses pasang surut air laut<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PROSES
PASANG SURUT AIR LAUT</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pasang adalah
naik turunnya permukaan air laut. Apabila permukaan air laut naik disebut
pasang naik, sedangkan apabila permukaan air laut turun disebut pasang surut.
Pasang tersebut disebabkan oleh gaya tarik (gravitasi) bulan dan matahari.
Kekuatan gaya tarik bulan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan gaya tarik matahari
karena letak bulan lebih dekat dibandingkan dengan matahari walaupun ukurannya
lebih kecil . Matahari, walaupun ukurannya sangat besar tetapi karena letaknya
sangat jauh maka gaya gravitasinya kecil. Gaya gravitasi menghasilkan air laut
tertarik ke arah matahari dan bulan menghasilkan dua tonjolan. Lintang dari
tonjolan pasang surut ditentukan oleh deklinasi yaitu sudut antara sumbu rotasi
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pasang laut yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Pasang
Purnama. Pasang ini terjadi ketika bulan purnama dan bulan baru. Hal ini
terjadi ketika posisi bumi, bulan, dan matahari berada dalam satu garis lurus.
Pasang ini merupakan pasang naik yang sangat tinggi dan pasang surut yang
sangat rendah,<br />
2. Pasang Perbani. Pasang ini terjadi ketika posisi bumi, bulan, dan matahari
membentuk sudut tegak lurus. Pasang ini menghasilkan pasang naik yang rendah
dan pasang surut yang tinggi. Pasang perbani terjadi pada saat bulan seperempat
dan tigaperempat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Periode
pasang yaitu waktu antara puncak pasang ke puncak pasang berikutnya. Panjang
periode pasang bervariasi antara 12 jam 25 menit hingga 24 jam 50 menit.<br />
Pasang mengakibatkan arus pusaran yang dikenal dengan arus pasang<br />
Gambar paling bawah adalah akibat dari pasang naik air laut yang terjadi di
Muara Baru Jakarta Utara beberapa waktu yang lalu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">http://bahari7.blogspot.com/2010/03/pasang-naik-dan-pasang-surut.html</span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-66767797219787413732014-06-03T02:07:00.002-07:002014-06-03T02:07:25.080-07:00perancangan terstruktur<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perancangan
Terstruktur (<i>Structured Analisys and Design / SSAD)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode ini diperkenalkan pada tahun
1970, yang merupakan hasil turunan dari pemrograman terstruktur. Metode
pengembangan dengan metode terstruktur ini terus diperbaiki sampai akhirnya
dapat digunakan dalam dunia nyata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perancangan ini bertujuan untuk
membuat model <b>SOLUSI </b>terhadap <b>PROBLEM </b>yang sudah dimodelkan
secara lengkap pada tahap analisis terstruktur. Ada empat kegiatan perancangan
yang harus dilakukan, yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perancangan arsitektural; kita merancang struktur modul
P/L dengam mengacu pada model analisis yang sesuai (DFD). Langkahnya
adalah: mengidentifikasi jenis aliran (<i>transform flow </i>atau <i>transaction
flow</i>), menemukan batas-batas aliran (<i>incoming flow </i>dan <i>outgoing
flow</i>), kemudian memetakannya menjadi striktur hirarki modul.
Selanjutnya, kita alokasikan fungsi-fungsi yang harus ada pada modul-modul
yang tepat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perancangan data; kita merancang struktur data yang
dibutuhkan, serta merancang skema basisdata dengan mengacu pada model
analisis yang sesuai (ERD).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perancangan antarmuka; kita merancang antarmuka P/L
dengan pengguna, antarmuka dengan sistem lain, dan antarmuka antar-modul.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perancangan prosedural; kita merancang detil dari
setiap fungsi pada modul. Notasi yang digunakan bisa berupa <i>flow chart</i>,
algoritma, dan lain-lain</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pastikan bahwa model perancangan
yang dibuat sudah mengakomodasi kebutuhan non fungsional</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode OOAD<i> </i>melakukan
pendekatan terhadap masalah dari perspektif obyek, tidak pada perspektif
fungsional seperti pada pemrograman terstruktur. Akhir-akhir ini penggunakan
OOAD meningkat dibandingkan dengan pengunaan metode pengembangan software
dengan metode tradisional. Sebagai metode baru dan sophisticated bahasa
pemrograman berorientasi obyek diciptakan, hal tersebut untuk memenuhi
peningkatan kebutuhan akan pendekatan berorientasi obyek pada aplikasi bisnis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode pengembangan perangkat lunak
berorientasi objek yang sudah dikenal, dan diantaranya adalah :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) dan Object Oriented
Design (OOD) dari Peter Coad dan Edward Yourdon [1990].</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Object Modeling Technique (OMT) dan James Rumbaugh,
Michael Blaha, William Premerlan, Frederick Eddy dan William Lorensen
[1991].</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Object Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE) dan Ivar
Jacobson [1992].</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Booch Method dan Grady Booch [1994].</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sritrop dan Steve Cook dan John Daniels [1994].</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UML (Unified Modeling Language) dari James Rumbaugh.
Grady Booch dan Ivar Jacobson [1997].</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Encapsulation</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Encapsulation merupakan dasar untuk pembatasan
ruang lingkup program terhadap data yang diproses.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Data dan prosedur atau fungsi dikemas
bersama-sama dalam suatu objek, sehingga prosedur atau fungsi lain dari
luar tidak dapat mengaksesnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Data terlindung dari prosedur atau objek lain,
kecuali prosedur yang berada dalam objek itu sendiri.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Inheritance</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Inheritance adalah teknik yang menyatakan bahwa
anak dari objek akan mewarisi data/atribut dan metode dari induknya
langsung. Atribut dan metode dari objek dari objek induk diturunkan kepada
anak objek, demikian seterusnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inheritance mempunyai arti bahwa atribut dan operasi
yang dimiliki bersama di anatara kelas yang mempunyai hubungan secara
hirarki.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Inheritance menggambarkan generalisasi sebuah
kelas.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Polymorphism</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Polimorfisme yaitu konsep yang menyatakan bahwa
sesuatu yang sama dapat mempunyai bentuk dan perilaku berbeda.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kemampuan objek-objek yang berbeda untuk
melakukan metode yang pantas dalam merespon message yang sama.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Seleksi dari metode yang sesuai bergantung pada
kelas yang seharusnya menciptakan objek.</span></li>
</ul>
3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <b>Kelebihan </b><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dibandingkan dengan metode SSAD, OOAD lebih mudah
digunakan dalam pembangunan sistem</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dibandingkan dengan SSAD, waktu pengembangan, level
organisasi, ketangguhan,dan penggunaan kembali (reuse) kode program lebih
tinggi dibandingkan dengan metode OOAD (Sommerville, 2000).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak ada pemisahan antara fase desain dan analisis,
sehingga meningkatkan komunikasi antara user dan developer dari awal
hingga akhir pembangunan sistem.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analis dan programmer tidak dibatasi dengan batasan
implementasi sistem, jadi desain dapat diformliasikan yang dapat
dikonfirmasi dengan berbagai lingkungan eksekusi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Relasi obyek dengan entitas (thing) umumnya dapat di
mapping dengan baik seperti kondisi pada dunia nyata dan keterkaitan dalam
sistem. Hal ini memudahkan dalam mehami desain (Sommerville, 2000).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan adanya perubahan dan kepercayaan diri yang
tinggi terhadap kebernaran software yang membantu untuk mengurangi resiko
pada pembangunan sistem yang kompleks (Booch, 2007).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Encapsliation data dan method, memungkinkan penggunaan
kembali pada proyek lain, hal ini akan memperingan proses desain,
pemrograman dan reduksi harga.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OOAD memungkinkan adanya standarisasi obyek yang akan
memudahkan memahami desain dan mengurangi resiko pelaksanaan proyek.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dekomposisi obyek, memungkinkan seorang analis untuk
memcah masalah menjadi pecahan-pecahan masalah dan bagian-bagian yang
dimanage secara terpisah. Kode program dapat dikerjakan bersama-sama.
Metode ini memungkinkan pembangunan software dengan cepat, sehingga dapat
segera masuk ke pasaran dan kompetitif. Sistem yang dihasilkan sangat
fleksibel dan mudah dalam memelihara.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada awal desain OOAD, sistem mungkin akan sangat
simple.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada OOAD lebih fockus pada coding dibandingkan dengan
SSAD.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada OOAD tidak menekankan pada kinerja team seperti
pada SSAD.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada OOAD tidak mudah untuk mendefinisikan class dan
obyek yang dibutuhkan sistem.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sering kali pemrogramam berorientasi obyek digunakan
untuk melakukan anlisisis terhadap fungsional siste, sementara metode OOAD
tidak berbasis pada fungsional sistem.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OOAD merupakan jenis manajemen proyek yang tergolong
baru, yang berbeda dengan metode analisis dengan metode terstruktur.
Konsekuensinya adalah, team developer butuh waktu yang lebih lama untuk
berpindah ke OOAD, karena mereka sudah menggunakan SSAD dalam waktu yang
lama ( Hantos, 2005).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metodologi pengembangan sistem dengan OOAD menggunakan
konsep reuse. Reuse merupakan salah satu keuntungan utama yang menjadi
alasan digunakannya OOAD. Namun demikian, tanpa prosedur yang emplisit
terhadap reuse, akan sangat sliit untuk menerapkan konsep ini pada skala
besar (Hantos, 2005).</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-59950282293342738862014-06-03T02:05:00.002-07:002014-06-03T02:05:26.715-07:00pengertian ubuntu linux<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Ubuntu Linux</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">software sistem operasi open source
yang gratis untuk disebarluaskan di bawah lisensi GNU. jadi anda diijinkan
untuk menginstal pada komputer anda ataupun mengkopi dan menyebarluaskannya
tanpa harus membayar. linux merupakan turunan dari unix dan dapat bekerja pada
berbagai macam perangkat keras koputer mulai dari inter x86 sampai dengan RISC.
Dengan lisensi GNU (Gnu Not Unix) Anda dapat memperoleh program, lengkap dengan
kode sumbernya (source code). Tidak hanya itu, Anda diberikan hak untuk
mengkopi sebanyak Anda mau, atau bahkan mengubah kode sumbernya.Dan itu semua
legal dibawah lisensi. Meskipun gratis, lisensi GNU memperbolehkan pihak yang
ingin menarik biaya untuk penggandaan maupun pengiriman program. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asal mula nama Ubuntu berasal dari
filosofi dari Afrika Selatan yang berarti <i>"</i>Kemanusiaan kepada
sesama". Ubuntu didesain untuk kepentingan penggunaan personal, namun
versi server Ubuntu juga tersedia, dan telah dipakai secara luas.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proyek Ubuntu resmi disponspori oleh
Canonical Ltd. yang merupakan sebuah perusahaan yang dimiliki oleh pengusaha
Afrika Selatan Mark Shuttleworth. Tujuan dari distribusi Linux Ubuntu adalah
membawa semangat yang terkandung di dalam Filosofi Ubuntu ke dalam dunia
perangkat lunak. Ubuntu adalah sistem operasi lengkap berbasis Linux, tersedia
secara bebas dan mempunyai dukungan baik yang berasal dari komunitas maupun
tenaga ahli profesional.</span></div>
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Ubuntu terdiri dari banyak paket, kebanyakan berasal dari distribusi di bawah
lisensi lisensi software bebas. Namun, beberapa software khususnya driver
menggunakan Proprietary software. Lisensi yang pada umumnya adalah <i>GNU
General Public License (GNU GPL)</i> dan <i>GNU Lesser General Public License
(GNU LGPL)</i>, dengan tegas menyatakan bahwa pengguna dengan bebas dapat
menjalankan, menggandakan, mempelajarai, memodifikasi, dan mendistribusikan
tanpa pembatasan apapun. Namun tetap ada software proprietary yang dapat
berjalan di Ubuntu. Ubuntu berfokus pada ketersediaan kegunaan pada orang
disfungsi, keamanan dan stabilitas. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ubuntu juga berfokus pada
internasionalosasi dan aksesibilitas untuk dapat menjangkau sebanyak-banyaknya
orang. Dalam hal keamanan, perangkat sudo dapat meningkatkan privilage secara
sementara untuk melakukan tugas administratif, sehingga akun root dapat terus
terkunci, dan mencegah orang tidak terauthorisasi melakukan perubahan sistem
atau membuka kelemahan keamanan.</span></div>
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<b>Kelebihan Ubuntu</b></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bebas virus ; untuk saat ini
virus lebih senang menyerang OS dari MS yg ber ext .exe untuk ubuntu sudah
beda jadi virus dari os tetangga tidak akan berjalan di os linux.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3D Interface : efeck 3D kita
sering jumpai di OS tetannga seperti aero memerlukan spek komputer yg
tinggi tetapi ubuntu dengan spek komputer yg tidak terlalu tinggi sudah
bisa 3D</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompatibilas : Ubuntu kompatibel
dengan hampir semua perangkat keras terbaru, dari mulai usb modem, wifi
dan perangkat lain just plug n play</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudahan Migrasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">free alias gratis : tinggal
download dari situs ubuntu dapat download.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">user friendly : untuk orang
awam sekalipun bisa memakai ubuntu.</span></li>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan Ubuntu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koneksi Internet : untuk update
dan install ubuntu memerlukan koneksi internet sedangkan di indonesia tau
sendiri internet mahal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbatasnya pengetahuan tentang
linux baik dari formal atau non formal karena indonesia kurikulum
pendidikan masih lebih banyak OS dari MS, biasanya kita belajar dari
internet atau dari forum untuk mengetahui apa sih linux itu</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sumber: http://novia4efer.blogspot.com/2012/10/pengertian-sistem-operasi-linux-ubuntu.html</span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-57674725789793069432014-06-03T02:03:00.003-07:002014-06-03T02:03:39.297-07:00pengertian evaporasi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EVAPORASI</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evaporasi
Adalah proses pertukaran melalui molekul air di atmosfer atau peristiwa
berubahnya air atau es menjadi uap di udara.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penguapan
terjadi pada tiap keadaan suhu sampai udara di permukaan tanah menjadi jenuh
dengan uap air. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
evaporasi terdiri dari dua peristiwa yang berlangsung : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.Interface evaporation, yaitu
transformasi air menjadi uap air di permukaan tanah. Nilai ini tergantung dari
tenaga yang tersimpan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.Vertikal
vapour transfers, yaitu perpindahan lapisan yang kenyang dengan uap air dari
interface ke uap (atmosfer bebas).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Besar
kecilnya penguapan dari <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a>muka air bebas dipengaruhi oleh
beberapa faktor yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Kelembaban udara (semakin lembab
semakin kecil penguapannya)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Tekanan
udara </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Kedalaman
dan luas permukaan, semakin luas semakin besar penguapannya </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Kualitas
air, semakin banyak unsur kimia, biologi dan fisika, penguapan semakin kecil.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. kecepatan
angina</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Topografi,
semakin tinggi daerah semakin dingin dan penguapan semakin kecil</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Sinar
matahari </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Temparatur </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
beberapa konsep penting :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Transpirasi, yaitu proses hilangnya air dalam tumbuhan akibat penguapan melalui
stomata daun.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Evapotranspirasi, yaitu penguapan yang terajdi pad permukaan air, tanah, maupun
tumbuhan air pada suatu DAS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Potential evaporation, yaitu jumlah penguapan persatu-satuan luas dan waktu
yang terjadi pada keadaan atmosfer saat itu, apa bila tersedia cukup air.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Actual evaporation, yaitu jumlah penguapan persatu-satuan luas dan waktu yang
benar-benar terjadi pada saat itu. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Potential
evapotranspiration, yaitu jumlah penguapan yang berasal dari tumbuhan, tubuh
air, permukaan tanah dalam keadaan jenuh pada kondisi iklim saat itu (syarat
air yang tersedia berlebihan).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Actual
evapotranspiration, yaitu jumlah penguapan yang berasal dari tumbuhan,tubuh
air, permukaan tanah dalam keadaan jenuh yang benar-benar terjadi pada saat
itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sumber: http://note-why.blogspot.com/2011/11/pengertian-evaporasi.html</span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-57466257066425601122014-06-03T02:01:00.003-07:002014-06-03T02:01:38.347-07:00Pengenalan SAP Modul Sales & Distribution<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
merupakan sebuah kesatuan sistem yang terintegrasi baik informasi internal
maupun eksternal yang meliputi keseluruhan organisasi / perusahaan, mulai dari
sistem keuangan (financial), pemasaran, penjualan dan dsitribusi (Sales and
Distribution), manajemen transportasi, material management, production
planning, plant maintenance, project system, human resources, project system
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SAP merupakan salah satu ERP
terkemuka didunia yang menyediakan sistem terpadu seperti konsep ERP pada
umumnya. Karena dalam SAP terdapat banyak modul, akan kita bahas satu persatu
setiap modulnya. Dalam postingan ini akan dibahas sedikit tentang SAP Modul
Sales and Distribution (SD).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum melangkah kearah teknis,
alangkah baiknya jika functional maupun developer (ABAPER) SAP mengetahui
proses bisnis sales and distribution dalam SAP agar ketika melakukan
customizing dan melakukan sedikit enhancement dalam program tidak salah
sasaran. Lalu apa yang disedikan dalam SAP modul SD ini? SAP sebenarnya
mempunyai proses bisnis standard yang bisa langsung digunakan, namun jika
menghendaki penyesuaian dengan proses bisnis yang sudah ada bisa dilakukan
dengan mudah di SAP karena SAP menyediakan tempat dan tools untuk melakukan
customizing dan enhancement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bisnis proses modul SD SAP meliputi
seluruh kegiatan penjualan dari mulai customer melakukan order, petugas
penjualan perusahaan membuatkan order untuk customer yang telah memesan order
tersebut hingga proses pengiriman ke warehouse customer dan penerimaan
pembayaran atas penjualan yang telah dilakukan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara global, modul SD dibagi
menjadi 3 bagian yaitu master data, struktur organisasi dan business process
(transaksional). Seperti pada proses penjualan pada umumnya, master data yang
harus ada dalam proses penjualan adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://arekgresik.com/customizing-sap-customer-master-data/" target="_blank" title="Customer Master Data"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Master
Data Customer</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Master Data Material yang akan dijual</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Master Harga</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Credit Limit / Jaminan</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan Struktur Organisasi yang
ada didalam SAP Modul SD adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://arekgresik.com/konfigurasi-struktur-organisasi-enterprise-structure/" target="_blank" title="Enterprise Structure"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sales
Organization</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://arekgresik.com/konfigurasi-struktur-organisasi-enterprise-structure/" target="_blank" title="Enterprise Structure"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Distribution
Channel</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://arekgresik.com/konfigurasi-struktur-organisasi-enterprise-structure/" target="_blank" title="Enterprise Structure"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Division</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://arekgresik.com/konfigurasi-struktur-organisasi-enterprise-structure/" target="_blank" title="Enterprise Structure"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sales
Office</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://arekgresik.com/konfigurasi-struktur-organisasi-enterprise-structure/" target="_blank" title="Enterprise Structure"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sales
Group</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-themecolor: text1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><a href="http://arekgresik.com/konfigurasi-struktur-organisasi-enterprise-structure/" target="_blank" title="Enterprise Structure"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sales
Area</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Loading Point</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transportation Planning Point</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shipping Point</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plant</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudian setelah ada master data dan
struktur organisasi maka transaksi-transaksi yang ada di modul sd bisa
dilakukan. Secara garis besar proses penjualan di modul SD identik dengan
transaksi <i>Order to Cash</i>, yaitu transaksi penjualan hingga menjadi cash /
revenue di keuangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transaksi-transaksi yang disupport
pada modul SD adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Product Allocation</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inquiry</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quotation</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contract</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sales Order</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Delivery</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shipment</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Billing</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shipment Cost Calculation</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Debit Memo</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Credit Memo</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sales Return</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-27835870216873800102014-06-03T01:58:00.003-07:002014-06-03T01:58:41.151-07:00MANFAAT AIR<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANFAAT AIR</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pentingnya
air dalam kehidupan sehari-hari menjadikan air hal pokok yang akan dibahas oleh
penulis. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui hakikat air, pengertian air,
jenis-jenis air, manfaat dari air, dan untuk mengetahui dampak dari kekurangan mengkonsumsi
air dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sehingga diharapkan makalah ini dapat
bermanfaat bagi pembaca dan pembaca dapat mengetahui hakikat air, pengertian
air, jenis-jenis air, manfaat dari air, dan untuk mengetahui dampak dari
kekurangan mengkonsumsi air.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendahuluan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Setiap hari, sekitar dua liter air terbuang
melalui kulit, paru-paru, usus, ginjal. Tanpa mengkonsumsi air secara cukup,
tubuh mudah terserang penyakit. Jadi, jangan lupa untuk mengkonsumsi air
minimal delapan gelas setiap hari atau minimal dua liter.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketika air yang hilang tidak diganti, tubuh
akan mengalami dehidrasi. Jika kekurangan air atau mengalami dehidrasi, maka
akan timbul dampaknya yaitu sakit kepala, lelah, pegal, air seni yang pekat,
tidak tahan terhadap panas, serta mulut dan mata yang kering akan terjadi pada
tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah untuk mengetahui
hakikat air, pengertian air, jenis-jenis air, manfaat dari air, dan untuk
mengetahui dampak dari kekurangan mengkonsumsi air dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Permasalahan yang akan dibahas pada makalah ini
yaitu, hakikat air, pengertian air, jenis-jenis air, manfaat air dan dampak
dari kurang mengkonsumsi air.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Makalah ini dibuat dengan harapan dapat
bermanfaat bagi pembaca. Air minum yang sering di konsumsi ternyata memiliki
banyak khasiat. Tetapi dibalik manfaatnya yang luar biasa tersebut masyarakat
umum tidak mengetahuinya. Mudah-mudahan dengan dibuatnya makalah ini pembaca
jadi memiliki pengetahuan yang lebih tentang manfaat air bagi kehidupan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hakikat Air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semua butuh yang namanya air, 80% tubuh kita
pun mengandung air. Air memang salah satu dari ribuan ciptaan Allah SWT. yang
dianugrahkan untuk makhluk ciptaannya. Se tetes air di tengah gurun pasir
menjadi nikmat yang luar biasa. Limpahan air di lautan menjadikan kita sangat
dahaga ketika meminumnya. Dari kedua gambaran tadi dapat kita ambil pelajaran.
Pelajaran apa itu? Pelajaran akan ungkapan syukur kita kepada sang pemilik air,
Allah SWT.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tetes demi tetes maka akan berkumpul menjadi
samudra. Dan akan menjadi kekuatan dahsyat, yang mampu menghancurkan apa pun
dihadapannya. Inilah hakikat air, meski terkesan sedikit dan tak membahayakan,
ketika yang sedikit tadi bertemu maka akan menjadi kekuatan yang luar biasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Air adalah
cairan jernih tidak berwarna, tidak berasa, dan tidak berbau yang terdapat
dalam kehidupan manusia sehari-hari. Air adalah zat kimia yang penting bagi
semua bentuk kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">yang diketahui sampai saat ini di bumi, tetapi
tidak di planet lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Air
sebagian besar terdapat di laut dan pada lapisan-lapisan es, akan tetapi juga
dapat hadir sebagai awan, hujan, sungai, muka air tawar, danau, uap air, dan
lautan es.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jenis Air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saat ini
terdapat berbagai jenis air minum yang ditawarkan seperti air tanah, air dari
Perusahaan Air Minum (PAM), Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK), air mineral, dan
air heksagonal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat Air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat dari
air yaitu memperlancar sistem pencernaan, dengan mengkonsumsi air dalam jumlah
cukup setiap hari akan memperlancar sistem pencernaan, sehingga akan terhindar
dari masalah-masalah pencernaan. Kemudian, air dapat membantu memperlambat
tumbuhnya zat-zat penyebab kanker, serta mencegah penyakit batu ginjal dan
hati. Manfaat selanjutnya yaitu sebagai perawatan kecantikan, bila tubuh kurang
minum air, tubuh akan menyerap kandungan air dalam kulit sehingga kulit menjadi
kering dan berkerut. Air juga bermanfaat untuk kesuburan yaitu dapat
meningkatkan produksi hormon testosteron pada pria dan hormon<i> estrogen</i>
pada wanita. Dalam bidang medis, air dapat menyehatkan jantung dan sebagai obat
<i>stroke</i>. Terakhir manfaat dari air yaitu membuat tubuh lebih bugar,
karena air putih mengandung zat-zat yang sangat diperlukan oleh tubuh.</span></div>
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jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-25093154582814073582014-06-03T01:56:00.001-07:002014-06-03T01:56:10.089-07:00Bahasa Pemrograman COBOL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa
Pemrograman COBOL</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pendahuluan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COBOL (Common Business Oriented
Language) adalah suatu bahasa computer awam (High Level language yang
berorientasi langsung kepada permasalahan bisnis. Cobol diciptakan pada tahun
1959. pengembangan bahasa cobol selanjutnya dilakukan oleh suatu group
yang disebut CODASYL, Singkatan dari Conference On Data System Langguage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Cobol petama – kali
diperkenalkan secara formal paa bulan Januari tahun 1960, versi dari
bahasa COBOL ini disebut dengan COBOL -60, dan diperbaruhi pada tahun 1965
untuk mengatasi hal ini, pada tahun 1968 dan 1974, bahasa cobol dikembangkan
dan disempurnakan lebih lanjut dan distandardsikan dengan nama Ansi Cobol
(American National Standards Institute).</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekilas Program COBOL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program bahasa COBOL Merupakan
Program terstruktur, yaitu program yangstrukturnya jelas, mudah dibaca, dan
mudah dipelajari, dan baik untuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Didokumentasikan , Stuktur Utama
dari suatu program Cobol terdiri dari 4 divisi yaitu:</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IDENTIFICATION DIVISON</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ENVIRONMENT DIVISION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DATA DIVISION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PROCEDURE DIVISION</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalau diinginkan Informal mengenai
Identitas program (nama Program, Si pembuat, tanggal dibuat, tanggal
dikompilasi, dan lainnya) dapat dilihat pada <b>IDENTIFICATION DIVISION </b>Informasi
mengenai Keadaan Komputer dan alat – alat lain yang dipergunakan, dapat
dilihat pada <b>ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, </b>Informasi mengenai bentuk, jenis dari
data apa saja yang dipergunakan dalam program bersangkutan dapat terlihat pada <b>DATA
DIVISION, PROCEDURE DIVISION </b>memuat prosedur pemprosesan data yang datanya
tampak pada data division untuk dihasilkan outputnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang Dapat Dikerjakan COBOL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COBOL dibuat untuk operasi yang
mencakup langkah dasar Pengolahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">data, yaitu membaca data
menghasilkan output informasi didalam program COBOL, dua bagian yang utama
adalah <b>data division dan Procedure division</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari apa yang dapat dikerjakan oleh
cobol, konsep COBOL Orientasinya pada permasalahan yang berhubungan dengan
pengolahan data.<b> </b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungan Bahasa COBOL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Program COBOL dibuat dalam instruksi bahasa inggris,
sehingga lebih mudah dipelajari dan dibuat .</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">program COBOL sesuai untuk pengolahan data, yang banyak
diterapkan pada permasalahan bisnis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">program COBOL sifatnya standard, sehingga dapat
dipergunakan pada computer – computer yang berbeda, tanpa banyak
perbedaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">struktur program COBOL jelas, sehingga dapat dimengerti
oleh orang seperti akuntan, auditor atau manajer – manajer yang hanya
mempunyai pengetahuan pengolahan data yang sedikit.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">COBOL menyediakan fasilitas <i>listing program</i> ,
bila mana perlu dapat diperiksa oleh orang lain selain programmernya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mudah didokumentasikan dan dikembangkan bilamana perlu.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber: </span><cite><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://lisanuzimakiers.wordpress.com/bahasa-pemrograman-cobol/</span></cite><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-81171585167342318152014-05-21T20:53:00.001-07:002014-05-21T21:00:24.300-07:00ANALISA RUU ITE DAN UU NO.19 TENTANG HAK CIPTA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANALISA
RUU ITE DAN UU NO.19 TENTANG HAK CIPTA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <b> <span style="background: white;">Pengertian RUU Tentang Informmasi dan Transaksi
Elektronik (ITE)</span></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Undang-Undang adalah
ketentuan/ketetapan yang dibuat bagi orang-orang yang telah melanggar hukum.
RUU ITE ini dibuat dan diperuntukkan kepada para pelaku kejahatan yang memiliki
hubungan dengan penyalahgunaan teknologi informasi atau yang lebih dikenal
dengan cyber crime. Dengan semakin majunya dunia ITE, semakin banyak pula
kejahatan yang berhubungan dengan ITE yang sangat-sangat meresahkan. Maka dari
itu pemerintah mengeluarkan RUU ITE ini untuk mengantisipasinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Secara
umum, isi dari materi UUITE ini dibagi dua bagian besar, yaitu pengaturan
mengenai informasi dan transaksi elektronik, dan pengaturan mengenai perbuatan
yang dilarang. UU ini <span style="background: white;">mengatur berbagai
perlindungan hukum atas kegiatan yang memanfaatkan media internet, baik itu
berupa transaksi maupun pemanfaatan informasi. UU ini juga mengatur berbagai
ancaman hukuman bagi siapa saja pelaku kejahatan melalui internet. UUITE
memberikan ketenangan/kenyamanan bagi para pelaku bisnis yang menggunakan
internet sebagai medianya, juga termasuk para masyarakat umum untuk mendapatkan
kepastian hukum, dengan diakuinya bukti elektronik dan tanda tangan digital
sebagai bukti yang sah di pengadilan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sejarahnya Penyusunan materi UUITE disusun oleh dua institusi
pendidikan yakni Unpad dan UI. Tim Unpad ditunjuk oleh Departemen Komunikasi
dan Informasi sedangkan Tim UI oleh Departemen Perindustrian dan Perdagangan.
Proses penyusunannya, Tim Unpad yang bekerjasama dengan para pakar di ITB
membuat naskah akademisnya dengan nama RUU Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi (RUU
PTI). Dan tim UI dengan naskah akademisnya dengan nama </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">RUU Informasi Elektronik dan Transaksi
Elektronik<span style="background: white;">. Kedua naskah pada akhirnya digabung
dan disesuaikan kembali oleh tim yang dipimpin Prof. Ahmad M Ramli SH (atas
nama pemerintah Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono), sehingga namanya menjadi
Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik sebagaimana disahkan oleh DPR.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa materi yang diatur UUITE
bagi para pelaku bisnis, antara lain: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. pengakuan
informasi/dokumen elektronik sebagai alat bukti hukum yang sah (Pasal 5
& Pasal 6 UU ITE);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. tanda
tangan elektronik (Pasal 11 & Pasal 12 UU ITE);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. penyelenggaraan
sertifikasi elektronik (certification authority, Pasal 13 & Pasal 14 UU
ITE);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. penyelenggaraan
sistem elektronik (Pasal 15 & Pasal 16 UU ITE);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa materi untuk cybercrimes
yang diatur dalam UU ITE, antara lain: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. konten ilegal,
yang terdiri dari, antara lain: kesusilaan, perjudian, penghinaan/pencemaran
nama baik, pengancaman dan pemerasan (Pasal 27, Pasal 28, dan Pasal 29 UU ITE);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. akses ilegal
(Pasal 30);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. intersepsi
ilegal (Pasal 31);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. gangguan
terhadap data (data interference, Pasal 32 UU ITE);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. gangguan
terhadap sistem (system interference, Pasal 33 UU ITE);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. penyalahgunaan
alat dan perangkat (misuse of device, Pasal 34 UU ITE).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2. </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis
RUU Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (ITE)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RUU Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi
Elektronik (ITE) adalah ketentuan yang berlaku untuk setiap orang yang
melakukan perbuatan hukum sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang ini, baik yang
berada di wilayah hukum Indonesia maupun di luar wilayah hukum Indonesia, yang
memiliki akibat hukum di wilayah hukum Indonesia dan/atau di luar wilayah hukum
Indonesia dan merugikan kepentingan Indonesia.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UU No. 19
Tentang Hak Cipta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maksud dan tujuan isi UU No. 19
tahun 2002</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam undang-undang ini dimaksudkan
bahwa pencipta disini adalah seseorang atau beberapa orang yang melahirkan
suatu Ciptaan berdasarkan kemampuan imajinasi, keterampilan atau keahlian yang
dituangkan ke dalam bentuk yang khas dan bersifat pribadi. Sedangkan Ciptaan
disini artinya adalah hasil setiap karya yang dihasilkan berdasarkan
kemampuan-kemampuan tersebut. Ciptaan disini dapat dilakukan penyebaran
menggunakan alat apa pun, termasuk media internet atau melakukan dengan cara
apa pun, sehingga ciptaan tersebut dapat dibaca, didengar atau dilihat oleh
orang lain. Hak cipta selain diberikan kepada si pemilik hak cipta dapat pula
pihak lain mendapatkan hak tersebut dengan diberikannya hak tersebut dari
Pencipta, atau pihak lain yang menerima lebih lanjut hak dari pihak yang
menerima hak tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mendapatkan hak cipta, pencipta
dapat melakukan permohonan pendaftaran ciptaan yang diajukan kepada Direktorat
Jenderal. Setelah mendapatkan hak cipta tersebut, pencipta dapat menggunakan
Lisensi, yaitu izin yang diberikan oleh pemegang hak cipta kepada pihak lain
untuk mengumumkan dan atau memperbanyak ciptannya dengan persyaratan tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Kasus :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT. MusikIndonesia menerbitkan
sebuah lagu yang beraliran melayu. Lagu ini dijual secara luas di masyarakat. 1
bulan kemudian PT. Melayuku juga menerbitkan sebuah lagu yang serupa yang isi
lagu itu sama dengan yang dimiliki oleh PT. MusikIndonesia. Tetapi aliran
lagunya tidak sama, PT. Melayuku memakai aliran lagu Jazz dan susunan kata yang
sedikit dirubah. Sementara itu terbitan lagu PT. MusikIndonesia tidak ada, PT.
MusikIndonesia tidak mendaftarkan ciptaannya. PT MusikIndonesia berkeinginan
untuk menggugat PT. Melayuku dengan alasan melanggar hak cipta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil Analisis : menurut saya kasus
diatas bisa dibilang pelanggaran hak cipta karena PT. Melayuku dengan saja
menjiplak lagu yang telah diterbitkan oleh PT. MusikIndonesia, walaupun dari
segi aliran musik dan liriknya diubah tetapi konsep mereka secara kesuluruhan
masih bisa dibilang sama yang merupakan arti dari lagu tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">REFERNSI:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Informasi_dan_Transaksi_Elektronik">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Informasi_dan_Transaksi_Elektronik</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://desintharatnawardani.blogspot.com/2014/05/analisis-ruu-tentang-informasi-dan.html">http://desintharatnawardani.blogspot.com/2014/05/analisis-ruu-tentang-informasi-dan.html</a></span></div>
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<![endif]-->jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-1345088382111185592014-04-21T20:23:00.005-07:002014-04-21T20:23:41.034-07:00Contoh sertifikasi nasional dan internasional<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SERTIFIKASI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Sertifikasi profesional</b>, kadang hanya disebut dengan <i>sertifikasi</i>
atau <i>kualifikasi</i> saja, adalah suatu penetapan yang diberikan oleh suatu organisasi
professional <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap seseorang untuk
menunjukkan bahwa orang tersebut mampu untuk melakukan suatu pekerjaan atau
tugas spesifik. Sertifikasi biasanya harus diperbaharui secara berkala, atau
dapat pula hanya berlaku untuk suatu periode tertentu</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lembaga Sertifikasi
Nasional :<br />
Lembaga Sertifikasi Profesi (LSP) Telematika dibentuk oleh pemerintah dan
setelah<br />
terbentuk harus dilaksanakan oleh komunitas Telematika dan bersifat independen.<br />
Bertugas menyelenggarakan standarisasi kompetensi kerja, menyiapkan materi uji<br />
serta mengakreditasi unit-unit Tempat Uji Kompetensi dan menerbitkan
Sertifikasi<br />
Kompetensi bidang Telematika.<br />
LSP Telematika merupakan lembaga yang bersifat independen dan profesional dalam<br />
menyelenggarakan standarisasi, uji kompetensi dan sertifikasi bagi para
profesional<br />
di bidang telematika. Dalam perkembangannya, LSP Telematika menjadi rujukan<br />
profesionalisme bagi industri telematika di dalam dan luar negeri.<br />
Sertifikat yang dikeluarkan LSP Telematika merupakan bukti pengakuan atas<br />
kompetensi seseorang setelah melakukan uji kompetensi.<br />
Materi uji kompetensi LSP Telematika disusun berdasarkan Standar Kompetensi<br />
Kerja Nasional Indonesia (SKKNI) yang sudah disahkan Menteri Tenaga Kerja<br />
dan Transmigrasi. Penyusun SKKNI merupakan ahli telematika yang berasal dari<br />
Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika, Departemen Pendidikan, Kementrian Ristek<br />
dan beberapa perusahaan TI di Indonesia.<br />
Dalam penyelenggaraan uji kompetensi, LSP Telematika menggunakan test<br />
engine dengan software yang integritasnya tidak diragukan lagi. LSP Telematika<br />
merupakan pemegang lisensi Automated Testing Software (ATS) di Indonesia.<br />
Ujian diselenggarakan dengan berbasis komputer yakni suatu tes yang dipandu dan<br />
dikerjakan melalui media komputer termasuk penilaiannya</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Contoh sertifikasi nasional:</div>
Certificate of Competence<br />
Sertifikasi ini berdasarkan level kualifikasi dan jenjang jabatan sesuai
dengan yang ditetapkan<br />
oleh Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia (KKNI). Certificate of Competence
(Sertifikat<br />
Kompetensi) merupakan bukti pengakuan atas kompetensi seseorang setelah
melakukan uji<br />
kompetensi dari suatu bidang keahlian kerja<br />
<br />
<br />
Lembaga sertifikasi Internasional:<br />
World Organization of Webmasters (WOW)<br />
adalah asosiasi nirlaba profesional yang berdedikasi untuk mendukung individu
dan<br />
organisasi yang membuat, mengelola atau memasarkan situs web.<br />
WOW memberikan pendidikan serta sertifikasi, teknis, pekerjaan dan pelayanan
yang<br />
menguntungkan anggota kepada ribuan calon dan praktisi profesional web di
seluruh<br />
dunia.<br />
Contoh:<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sertifikasi untuk Novell<br />
Novell : Novell Certified Linux Professional (Novell CLP), Novell Certified
Linux<br />
Engineer (Novell CLE), Suse Certified Linux Professional (Suse CLP), dan Master<br />
Certified Novell Engineer (MCNE).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sumber:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertifikasi_profesional">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertifikasi_profesional</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://baimers.wordpress.com/2012/12/05/contoh-contoh-sertifikasi-nasional-dan-internasional-sertifikasi-software-dan-database-development/">http://baimers.wordpress.com/2012/12/05/contoh-contoh-sertifikasi-nasional-dan-internasional-sertifikasi-software-dan-database-development/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-83895528965727554072014-04-09T00:18:00.000-07:002014-04-09T00:18:05.742-07:00Pengenalan PL/SQL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
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<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
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<w:CachedColBalance/>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Pengenalan pl/sql</span></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language)
merupakan sebuah penggabungan antara bahasa pemrograman prosedural (PL) dan SQL
syntax.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PL/SQL adalah fasilitas yang
disediakan Oracle sehingga pengguna dapat memanfaatkan konsep pemrograman.
Dalam PL/SQL dapat digunakan perintah untuk memanipulasi data yang ada dalam
database Oracle. PL/SQL membentuk pemrograman terstruktur dalam memproses data.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa kelebihan PL/SQL dalam
database Oracle :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PL/SQL dapat digunakan di server
sehingga client hanya dapat mengakses didalam server.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan PL/SQL mudah dimengerti
oleh setiap pengguna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PL/SQL dapat didesain khusus untuk
database Oracle dalam menggunakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">program aplikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TIPE DATA</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe Data dasar :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Numerik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NUMBER, BINARY_INTEGER, DEC, DOUBLE PRECISION, INTEGER, INT,
NUMERIC, REAL, SMALLINT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karakter </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ø</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VARCHAR2, CHAR, LONG</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DATE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BOOLEAN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ROWID</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe Data tambahan :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RECORD </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ARRAY</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Type data
yang dapat dikenali dalam PL/SQL dapat berupa type data SQL dan type data
seperti :</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BOOLEAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipakai untuk menyatakan data
logika, yaitu TRUE(benar), FALSE(salah), dan NULL(kosong).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BINARY_INTEGER</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk mendeklarasikan
bilangan yang tidak mempunyai angka desimal. Tipe dataNATURAL dan POSITIVE
merupakan subset dariBINARY_INTEGER.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%TYPE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe data ini dipakai untuk
menandakan bahwa variabelyang deklarasikan sama dengan tipe data dari kolom
tabel tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%ROWTYPE</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe data ini menandakan bahwa
sekelompok variabel adalah sama dengan tipe data darirow suatu tabel tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel dan Record</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipe data komposit untuk pemakaian
yang lebih kompleks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VARIABEL
DAN KONSTANTA</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bagian deklarasi ditempatkan
variable dan konstanta yang dipakai oleh pernyataan PL/SQL yang dibuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VARIABEL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah sebuah peubah yang digunakan
untuk menampung sebuah nilai di memori komputer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk Umum :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">variable_name
datatype [NOT NULL := value ];</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Variable_name</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah nama variabel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Datatype</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah
valid PL / SQL datatype. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOT NULL adalah sebuah spesifikasi opsional pada variabel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nilai </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">atau
DEFAULT juga merupakan spesifikasi opsional, di mana anda bisa menginisialisasi
variabel. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap deklarasi variabel adalah pernyataan terpisah dan
harus diakhiri dengan titik koma. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh Deklarasi Variabel :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DECLARE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> X
integer;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Alamat varchar2(40);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
No_induk char(8);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.....</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BEGIN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
X
:= 12;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Alamat := ‘Gelatik
Dalam 391, Bandung’;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
No_induk := ‘DOG29549’;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">END;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KONSTANTA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk menyimpan sebuah
nilai di memori komputer. Nilai yang disimpan bersifat tetap (konstan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh
Deklarasi Konstanta :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -4.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DECLARE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pi
CONSTANT
real :=
3.14;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lebar
CONSTANT integer := 100;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbedaan variabel dengan konstanta
adalah :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konstanta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nilai ditentukan pada saat deklarasi
dibuat sehingga nilainya tetap pada saat program dieksekusikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Variabe</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat menerima nilai baru atau
sebaliknya diubah pada saat program dieksekusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">STRUKTUR
PL/SQL</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur PL/SQL mirip dengan
struktur bahasa pascal atau delphi yang menggunakan struktur blok, sehingga akan
mempermudah pengertian dalam pemrograman dengan PL/SQL. Struktur Blok berisi
perintah SQL dengan kondisi yang berbeda. Perintah PL/SQL dapat menangani
kesalahan saat dijalankan. Setiap pengetikan dengan menggunakan PL/SQL dalam
SQL*Plus selalu diakhiri dengan tanda /(slash). Sintaks penggunaan PL/SQL
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Declare</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Begin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Exception</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">End</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur diatas dapat dijelaskan
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Bagian Judul (Header)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini hanya digunakan jika
PL/SQL diberikan nama,misalnya untuk prosedur atau fungsi. Bagian ini berisi
nama blok,daftar parameter, dan pengembalian hasil (return) jika blok
adalahfungsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Bagian Deklarasi (declaration)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini untuk membuat deklarasi
mengenai semua variable dan konstanta yang direferensikan dalam pernyataan
PL/SQL. Bagian deklarasi ini dimulai dengan perintah DECLARE. Jika tidak ada
variable atau konstanta yang ingin dideklarasikan bagian ini boleh dihilangkan,
bersifat optional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Bagian Eksekusi (Execution).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini memuat pernyataan-pernyataan
PL/SQL yang akan ditulis. Bagian eksekusi ini harus dimulai dengan perintah
BEGIN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Bagian Perkecualian (Exception)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian ini memuat cara menangani
kesalahan-kesalahan (error) pada waktu eksekusi program PL/SQL, bersifat
optional. Jika program tidak memuat cara menangani kesalahan, bagian ini boleh
dihilangkan.Setiap pernyataan PL/SQL harus diakhiri dengan tanda titik koma(;)
dan semua program PL/SQL harus diakhiri dengan perintah END.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk
Umum Struktur PL/SQL</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DECLARE</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
variabel tipe_data;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
konstanta CONSTANT tipe_data := nilai;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BEGIN</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
statement_1;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
statement_2;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EXCEPTION</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
WHEN nama_eksepsi THEN statement_untuk_mengatasi_error;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">END;</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOMENTAR</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan untuk memudahkan proses maintenance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ü</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis komentar :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/* ... */ : untuk beberapa baris komentar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">§</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-- ... : untuk satu bari
komentar </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/* Ini adalah komentar Oracle */</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-- Ini juga komentar Oracle</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi
tentang program PL/SQL kini telah memasuki bahan tentang operator, sebaiknya
anda baca materi sebelumnya sebelum memutuskan melanjutkan membaca artikel
berikut ini (<a href="http://herowintolo.blogspot.com/2012/01/basis-data-1-3-komentar-dan-struktur.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">klik</span></a>). Sama dengan
bahasa pemrograman yang lain, PL/SQL mempunyai operator yang dapat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digunakan
untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam pembuatan data base,
khususnya database yang di desain dan di develop menggunakan oracle. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator
Logika NOT</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NOT X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Operator
Logika OR</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X Or Y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ture</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasle </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator
Logika AND</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 41.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X And Y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ture</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">True</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">False</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator
Aritmatika</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MOD</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penjumlahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkalian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sisa bagi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator
Relasional</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 27.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">< </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">>=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih kecil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih kecil atau sama dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih besar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih besar atau sama dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator
Persamaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 27.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operator</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.0in;" valign="top" width="96">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sama dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak sama dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh
kode program dengan memanfaatkan operator arimatika</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">declare</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">x integer;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">y number;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">begin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">x:=2+3;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">y:=3.14+3.14;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dbms_output.put_line(to_char(x));</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dbms_output.put_line(to_char(y));</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">end;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-3933767041754948862014-04-09T00:12:00.004-07:002014-04-09T00:12:27.951-07:00Pengertian DDL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENGERTIAN DDL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DDL</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> digunakan untuk mendefinisikan, mengubah, membuat,
membentuk serta menghapus basis data dan objek-objek yang diperlukan dalam
basis data, misalnya tabel, view, user, dan sebagainya. Secara umum, DDL yang
digunakan adalah CREATE untuk membuat objek baru, USE untuk menggunakan objek,
ALTER untuk mengubah objek yang sudah ada, dan DROP untuk menghapus objek. DDL
biasanya digunakan oleh administrator basis data dalam pembuatan sebuah
aplikasi basis data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• CREATE (untuk membentuk basis
data, table atau index)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• DROP (untuk mengubah struktur
table)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• ALTER (untuk menghapus basis data,
table atau index)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Create table :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CREATE TABLE NAMA_TABLE (</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAMA_ATRIBUT TIPE_DATA [KETERANGAN],</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAMA_ATRIBUT TIPE_DATA [KETERANGAN],</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alter table :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ALTER TABEL NAMATABEL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MODIFY FILED TYPE PANJANGBARU;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drop table :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DROP TABLE NAMA_TABLE;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drop database :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DROP DATABASE NAMA_DATABASE;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara membuat tabel menggunakan
bahasa basis data DDL :</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menjalankan Oracle :</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All Program à Oracle à Oradb10g_home1
à Application Development à SQL Plus</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan menginputkan username dan password pada SQL Plus</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menampilkan User yang sedang digunakan :</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketikkan “show users;”</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk membuat user, ketikkan “create user Belajar
indentified by amikom;”</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memberikan hak akses kepada user baru , ketikkan
“Grant DBA to Belajar;”</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk masuk ke user belajar, ketikkan : “conn belajar”
lalu memasukan password yang tadi kita masukan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Pembuatan tabel :</span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan Tabel Guru :</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CREATE TABLE GURU (</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NIG VARCHAR2 (32) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAMA VARCHAR2 (64) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JENIS_KELAMIN CHAR not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TGL_MASUK DATE,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">STATUS_PEG CHAR not null,</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">constraint PK_Guru primary key
(NIG));</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan Tabel Kelas :</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CREATE TABLE KELAS (</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KELAS_ID VARCHAR2 (32) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KETERANGAN VARCHAR3 (64) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">constraint PK_MP Primary Key (KELAS_10));</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan Tabel Mata Pelajaran :</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CREATE TABLE MATA_PELAJARAN (</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CODE_MP VARCHAR2 (32) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAMA_MP VARCHAR2 (64) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KREDIT NUMBER not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constraint PK_MP Primary Key (KODE_MP));</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan Tabel Murid :</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CREATE TABLE MATA_PELAJARAN (</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NLS VARCHAR2 (32) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAMA VARCHAR2 (64) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TGL_LAHIR DATE not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JENIS_KELAMIN CHAR not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ALAMAT VARCHAR2 (128) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAMA_ORTU VARCHAR2 (64),</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constraint PK_MURID Primary Key (NIS),</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constraint AK_MURID Unique (KELAS_ID,NIS),</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constraint MURID# KELAS_FK Foreign Key (KELAS_ID),</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References KELAS (KELAS_ID);</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan Tabel Ulangan :</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CREATE TABLE ULANGAN (</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NIS VARCHAR2 (32) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KODE_MP VARCHAR2 (32) not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UJIAN_KE NUMBER not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TGL UJIAN DATE not null,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NILAI NUMBER,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constraint PK_ULANGAN Primary Key (NIS, KODE_MP,
UJIAN_KE),</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constraint ULANGAN# MURID_FK Foreign Key (NIS)
refrences MURID (NIS),</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Constraint ULANGAN# MATA_PELAJARAN_FK Foreign Key (KODE_MP),</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References MATA_PELAJARAN (KODE MP));</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-77158341477416327572014-04-09T00:09:00.001-07:002014-04-09T00:09:06.848-07:003GL dan 4GL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3GL DAN 4GL</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Pada
industri komputer dikenal pembagian generasi, yang menandai sebuah evolusi
dalam perkembangan bahasa pemrograman. Berikut ini perkembangan generasi bahasa
pemrograman</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3GL</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i>Third-Generation
Language (3GL)</i> merupakan bahasa pemrograman yang masuk dalam generasi
ketiga. Ini adalah bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi, seperti PL/1, C, atau
Java. Untuk dapat menggunakan bahasa pemrograman ini, dibutuhkan pengetahuan
dan penguasaan terhadap bahasa pemrograman itu sendiri. Dalam bahasa pemrograman,
sebuah compiler akan mengubah pernyataan yang dibuat oleh bahasa pemrograman ke
bahasa mesin. Misal pada bahasa pemrograman Java, diperoleh output yang disebut
bytecode. Output ini kemudian akan diubah ke bahasa mesin oleh Java Virtual
Machine.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 14.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4gl</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i>Fourth-Generation
Language (4GL)</i> adalah bahasa pemrograman yang didesain lebih “natural”,
sehingga makin mudah digunakan. Pada generasi keempat ini, bahasa pemrograman
sudah dapat digunakan untuk mengakses sebuah data base.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 14.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Perbedaan</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa pemrograman
generasi ketiga menggunakan pendekatan prosedural. Sebagai bahasa prosedural,
pemrogram perlu menuliskan instruksi-instruksi yang rinci agar komputer
melaksanakan tugasnya. Program ditulis dengan menggunakan kata-kata yang biasa
dipakai manusia, seperti WRITE untuk menampilkan sesuatu di layar dan READ
untuk membaca data dari keyboard.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa generasi ketiga
seringkali disebut sebagai <i>high level language </i>disebabkan bahasa ini
menggunakan kata-kata yang biasa digunakan manusia. Beberapa contoh bahasa
pemrograman yang masuk dalam kategori generasi ketiga yaitu ADA, ALGOL, C,
BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, dan PASCAL.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa pemrograman
generasi keempat dirancang untuk mengurangi waktu pemrograman dalam membuat
program sehingga diharapkan produktifitas pemrogram jadi meningkat dan program
dapat dibuat dalam waktu yang lebih singkat. Alhasil, bahasa pemrograman
generasi keempat yang dikenal dengan sebutan 4GL dapat dipakai oleh pemakai
yang kurang mengetahui hal-hal teknis tentang pemrograman tanpa bantuan
pemrogram profesional. Sebagai contoh pemrogram dapat membuat program dengan
Microsoft Access di lingkungan PC dengan mudah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa pemrograman
generasi keempat biasa disebut sebagai <i>high level language </i>atau bahasa
berorientasi pada masalah (<i>problem oriented language</i>) karena
memungkinkan pemakai menyelesaikan masalah dengan sedikit penulisan kode
dibandingkan pada bahasa prosedural. Bahasa pemrograman generasi keempat
menggunakan pendekatan non-prosedural. Untuk mendapatkan suatu hasil, seorang
pemakai tidak perlu memberitahukan secara detail tentang bagaimana
mendapatkannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan pada 3gl</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terletak pada kesulitan untuk
mengganti program setelah program tersebut mengalami beberapa kali perubahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan pada 4gl</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan pada 4gl adalah
memungkinkan user, khususnya yang paham IT untuk mengrmbangkan prototipenya
sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keunggulan 3gl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepadatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Efisiensi mesin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsionalitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompatibilitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktivitas pengkodean</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengujian dan pemeliharaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keunggulan 4gl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalur kode yang lebih sedikit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberikan potensi dilakukannya pemrogramanoleh
end user untuk aplikasi mereka sendiri</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metodologi pengembangan</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produktivitas yang meningkat</span></div>
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jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-65655970773634994112014-03-18T09:16:00.001-07:002014-03-18T09:16:20.745-07:00Contoh kasus Cyber Crime<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">CONTOH KASUS
CYBER CRIME</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Perkembangan teknologi yang
semakin pesat menyebabkan munculnya kejahatan yang disebut cyber crime.
Munculnya beberapa kasus cyber crime di Indonesia seperti pencurian kartu
kredit, menyadap transmisi data orang lain misalnya email, dan memanipulasi
data.</div>
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Dan pada tulisan ini saya akan
membahas mengenai CyberCrime.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Apa
itu cybercrime???</span></b><br />
CyberCrime atau kejahatan dalam dunia maya dalah istilah kejahatan dibidang
teknologi informasi yang mengacu pada aktivitas atau perbuatan kejahatan yang
dilakukan oleh seseorang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau kelompok
tertentu dengan memanfaatkan teknologi internet sebagai fasilitas.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Apa
saja jenis-jenis CyberCrime??</span></b></div>
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CyberCrime dikelompokkan menjadi 3 bagian yaitu:</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>CyberCrime berdasarkan jenis aktifitas</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>CyberCrime berdasarkan motif kegiatan</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>CyberCrime berdasarkan sasaran kejahatan</div>
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Apa saja contoh CyberCrime yang
pernah terjadi di Indonesia??<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berikut ini adalah salah satu contoh
yang pernah terjadi di Indonesia:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
tanggal 17 April 2004, Dani Hermansyah melakukan <i>deface</i> dengan mengubah
nama-nama partai yang ada dengan nama-nama buah dalam www.kpu.go.ig . Hal ini
mengakibatkan keprcayaan masyarakat terhadap Pemilu yang sedang berlangsung
pada saat itu menjadi berkurang. Dengan berubahnya nama partai di dalam
website, maka bukan tidak mungkin angka-angka jumlah pemilih yang masuk di sana
menjadi tidak aman dan bisa diubah.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modus dari
kejahatan ini adalah mengubah tampilan<i> dan </i>informasi <i>website</i>.
Motif dari kejahatan ini termasuk ke dalam <i>cybercrime</i> sebagai tindakan
murni kejahatan. Hal ini dikarenakan para penyerang dengan sengaja mengubah
tampilan dan informasi dari <i>website</i>. Kejahatan kasus <i>cybercrime </i>ini
dapat termasuk jenis <i>hacking</i> dan <i>cracking, data frogery, dan bisa
juga cyber terorism</i>. Sasaran dari kasus kejahatan ini adalah <i>cybercrime</i>
menyerang hak milik (<i>against property</i>) dan bisa juga <i>cybercrime</i>
menyerang pemerintah (<i>against government</i>).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Referensi:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://jembatanbiru.blogspot.com/2012/11/contoh-kasus-cybercrime-yang-ditemukan.html">http://jembatanbiru.blogspot.com/2012/11/contoh-kasus-cybercrime-yang-ditemukan.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://octianaeni.blogspot.com/2013/11/cybercrime_29.html">http://octianaeni.blogspot.com/2013/11/cybercrime_29.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-20689290019732463172013-11-21T22:49:00.000-08:002013-11-21T22:49:07.707-08:00PERKEMBANGAN TELEMATIKA PADA MASA YANG AKAN DATANG<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PERKEMBANGAN TELEMATIKA</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkembangan Telematika Pada Masa
Yang Akan Datang Serta Dampak Postif dan Negativnya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkembangan teknologi
telekomunikasi dan informasi telah berintegrasi menjadi teknologi TELEMATIKA
(telekomunikasi, media dan informatika). Dengan berkembangnya internet
mobile sebagai trend teknologi di Era Interaktif saat ini, pola kehidupan
manusia telah digiring arah kehidupan global, Hubungan antar manusia menjadi
transparan, kemudahan mengakses informasi bagi siapapun secara efisien &
efektif, serta informasi yang selalu actual. Masyarakat akan membentuk suatu
"komunitas informasi" dimana penguasaan informasi menjadi target
utama untuk memenangkan kompetisi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAMPAK POSITIF:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemudahan dalam memeroleh informasi
secara cepat, informasi tersebut dapat diperoleh pada saat itu juga </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEismWANQdXcolF02O2LVwU9WccTHDEooXwfzfMSRC4ZTFhmgZ28YuYE2OeaXDFYopUOG8X2etJ-y9DykdmIPv7b_vd9Chked8GTWkmBZBXq75gZfBMHf1AlvUmNAGuy6YIqU5s8nemsRgE/s1600/j.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEismWANQdXcolF02O2LVwU9WccTHDEooXwfzfMSRC4ZTFhmgZ28YuYE2OeaXDFYopUOG8X2etJ-y9DykdmIPv7b_vd9Chked8GTWkmBZBXq75gZfBMHf1AlvUmNAGuy6YIqU5s8nemsRgE/s1600/j.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghematan waktu dalam memperoleh
informasi</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFE_jp785BYqRbVD2U1ktnTbur6iOP7tdVMPSw9HEu0gad3lvxD48B7_kRs0SkRf2W3hsGS5DTkAZGXy0Dpv900AtHNigBk2yNsfuHs4jzqxzKWqF_0LFTzTai4EmbPT4TG2nwnKxvlME/s1600/b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFE_jp785BYqRbVD2U1ktnTbur6iOP7tdVMPSw9HEu0gad3lvxD48B7_kRs0SkRf2W3hsGS5DTkAZGXy0Dpv900AtHNigBk2yNsfuHs4jzqxzKWqF_0LFTzTai4EmbPT4TG2nwnKxvlME/s1600/b.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAMPAK NEGATIF:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">PENIPUAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hal ini memang merajalela di bidang
manapun. Internet pun tidak luput dari serangan penipu. Cara yang terbaik
adalah tidak mengindahkan hal ini atau mengkonfirmasi informasi yang Anda
dapatkan pada penyedia informasi tersebut</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisx95idZGYKlyrBSScdYMkWsJCM2cIO9wk9b0yFicwvpsdtrBbQWFhZcwiVv8S-amLvNURrzzPjMmIKwhf5Jquv1-IX1pyzC-VXX6oOm3OQbd4Wcj4Q6fy2rHZU0-BRyWJITkqjFleNAc/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisx95idZGYKlyrBSScdYMkWsJCM2cIO9wk9b0yFicwvpsdtrBbQWFhZcwiVv8S-amLvNURrzzPjMmIKwhf5Jquv1-IX1pyzC-VXX6oOm3OQbd4Wcj4Q6fy2rHZU0-BRyWJITkqjFleNAc/s1600/index.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ANCAMAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Adanya
ancaman virus, hacker, penyadapan elektronik <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyebabkan faktor keamanan menjadi masalah
dari waktu ke waktu</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq_-BuYKOxkv5Hym1gdQIbz5OMy8XR5i__7okgvWJzO5Yo-elG9GtK9hUuWsLIEAvSnhNTl5X9cOneMEF4hYHQ-eVIPVSYufuYA09ZbIwxicy0iEub2diz9vGsMroXh9s4Pm04kW4I_NY/s1600/d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq_-BuYKOxkv5Hym1gdQIbz5OMy8XR5i__7okgvWJzO5Yo-elG9GtK9hUuWsLIEAvSnhNTl5X9cOneMEF4hYHQ-eVIPVSYufuYA09ZbIwxicy0iEub2diz9vGsMroXh9s4Pm04kW4I_NY/s1600/d.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span id="goog_123774722"></span><span id="goog_123774723"></span>jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-19955935290284614822013-10-17T23:14:00.004-07:002013-10-17T23:14:29.526-07:00Bidang Telematika<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tugas 3</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bidang
Telematika</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jelaskan
bagaimana cara pengamanan layanan telematika dilihat dari aspek jaringan
komputernya baik yang menggunakan kabel maupun tanpa kabel (wireless)!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk memahami berbagai macam ancaman keamanan
jaringan dalam pengamanan layanan telematika, kita perlu memahami prinsip
keamanan itu sendiri.<br />
1. <strong>Kerahasiaan (confidentiality)</strong>, dimana file-file tidak
disebar luaskan atau dibocorkan kepada user yang tidak seharusnya berhak
terhadap file-file tersebut, atau lazim disebut tidak authorize.<br />
2. <strong>Integritas (Integrity)</strong>, bahwa file-file tetap
orisinil, tidak diragukan keasliannya, tidak dimodifikasi dalam perjalanannya
dari sumber menuju penerimanya.<br />
3. <strong>Ketersediaan (Availability)</strong>, dimana user yang
mempunyai hak akses atau authorized users diberi akses tepat waktu dan tidak
terkendala apapun.<br />
Prinsip keamanan ini lazim disebut segitiga CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity,
Availability). Dalam membangun suatu sistem keamanan jaringan, salah satu
prosesnya adalah menilai resiko keamanan dalam infrastruktur organisasinya.
Akan tetapi terlebih dahulu anda perlu juga memahami berbagai jenis ancaman
keamanan jaringan.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jelaskan motif-motif gangguan
yang terjadi pada layanan telematika!</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. <strong>Noise</strong> adalah
suatu sinyal gangguan yang bersifat akustik (suara), elektris, maupun
elektronis yang hadir dalam suatu sistem (rangkaian listrik/ elektronika) dalam
bentuk gangguan yang bukan merupakan sinyal yang diinginkan.<br />
2. <strong>Flooding</strong> adalah teknologi informasi yang
mengacu kepada salah satu jenis serangan Denial-of-service yang menggunakan
paket-paket SYN. Denial of Service (DoS) merupakan serangan dimana suatu pihak
mengekploitasi aspek dari suite Internet Protocol untuk menghalangi akses pihak
yang berhak atas informasi atau sistem yang diserang.<br />
3. <strong>Virus</strong> adalah sebuah program komputer yang
dapat menggandakan dirinya secara sendiri dalam sistem komputer. Sebuah worm
dapat menggandakan dirinya dengan memanfaatkan jaringan (LAN/WAN/Internet)
tanpa perlu campur tangan dari user itu sendiri.<br />
4. <strong>Sniffer</strong> adalah sebuah device penyadapan
komunikasi jaringan komputer dengan memanfaatkan mode premicious pada ethernet.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jelaskan satu contoh metode
pengamanan terhadap layanan telematika!</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh metode untuk pengamanan terhadap layanan
telematika (Jaringan Komputer) salah satu yaitu dengan cara: <strong>Autentikasi
(Pengenalan).</strong><br />
<strong>Autentikasi yaitu</strong> proses pengenalan peralatan, system
operasi, kegiatan, aplikasi dan identitas user yang terhubung dengan jaringan
computer. Autentikasi dimulai pada saat user login ke jaringan dengan cara
memasukkan password.<br />
<strong>Contoh:</strong><br />
Pada penggunaan e-mail, dimana seorang user dalam pengaksesan e-mailnya harus
memasukan username dan password terlebih dahulu.<br />
Tahapan Autentikasi:<br />
1. Autentikasi untuk mengetahui lokasi dari peralatan pada suatu simpul
jaringan (data link layer dan network layer)<br />
2. Autentikasi untuk mengenal sistem operasi yang terhubung ke jaringan
(transport layer)<br />
3. Autentikasi untuk mengetahui fungsi/proses yang sedang terjadi di
suatu simpul jaringan (session dan presentation layer)<br />
Autentikasi untuk mengenali user dan aplikasi yang digunakan (application
layer)<br />
<br />
<br />
Layanan keamanan merupakan layanan yang menyediakanan keamananinformasi dan
data. layanan terdiri dari enkripsi, penggunaan protocol, penentuan akses
control dan auditin. Layanan keamanan memberikan fasilitas yang berfungsi
untuk memantau dan memberikan informasi bila ada sesuatu yang berjalan atau
beroperasi tidak seharusnya. dengan kata lain layanan ini sangat penting untuk
menjaga agar suatu data dalam jaringan tidak mudah terhapus atau
hilang. Kelebihan dari layanan ini adalah dapat mengurangi tingkat
pencurian dan kejahatan. Contoh layanan keamanan yaitu:<br />
<i>a. navigation assistant</i><br />
<i>b. weather,stock information</i><br />
<i>c. entertainment and M-commerce.</i><br />
<i>d. penggunaan Firewall dan Antivirus</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Sumber: http://bluesdianprasetyo.blogspot.com/2013/01/pengantar-telematika.html
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-84222110626000706202013-10-17T23:10:00.000-07:002013-10-17T23:10:06.427-07:00fitur layout telematika<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tugas 2</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fitur layout
telematika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jelaskan tentang
perkembangan jaringan computer sebagai sarana yang digunakan dalam proses
telematika!</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pertama
adalah periode rintisan yang berlangsung akhir tahun 1970-an sampai dengan
akhir tahun 1980-an. Periode kedua disebut pengenalan, rentang wktunya adalah
tahun 1990-an, dan yang terakhir adalah periode aplikasi. Periode ketiga ini
dimulai tahun 2000. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. Periode Rintisan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aneksasi Indonesia terhadap Timor Portugis,
peristiwa Malari, Pemilu tahun 1977, pengaruh Revolusi Iran, dan ekonomi yang
baru ditata pada awal pemerintahan Orde Baru, melahirkan akhir tahun 1970-an
penuh dengan pembicaraan politik serta himpitan ekonomi. Sementara itu sejarah
telematika mulai ditegaskan dengan digariskannya arti telematika pada tahun
1978 olehwarga Prancis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Mulai tahun 1970-an inilah Toffler
menyebutnya sebagai zaman informasi. Namun demikian, dengan perhatian yang
minim dan pasokan listrik yang terbatas, Indonesia tidak cukupmengindahkan
perkembangan telematika. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Memasuki tahun 1980-an, perubahan secara
signifikanpun jauh dari harapan. Walaupun demikian, selama satu dasawarsa,
learn to use teknologi informasi, telekomunikasi, multimedia, mulai
dilakukan. Jaringan telpon, saluran televisi nasional, stasiun radio nasional
dan internasional, dan komputer mulai dikenal di Indonesia, walaupun
penggunanya masih terbatas. Kemampuan ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kepemilikan
satelit dan perekonomian yang meningkat dengan diberikannya penghargaan tentang
swasembada pangan dari Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa (PBB) kepada Indonesia pada
tahun 1984. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setahun sebelumnya di Amerika Serrikat,
tepatnya tanggal 1 Januari 1983, internet diluncurkan. Sejak ARPAnet (Advance
Research Project Agency) dan NSFnet (National Science Foundation) digabungkan,
pertumbuhan jaringan semakin banyak, dan pada pertengahan tahun, masyarakat
mulai memandangnya sebagai internet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penggunaan teknologi telematika oleh
masyarakt Indonesia masih terbatas. Sarana kirim pesan seperti yang sekarang
dikenal sebagi email dalam suatu group, dirintis pada tahun 1980-an.
Mailinglist (milis) tertua di Indonesia dibuat olehJhhny Moningka dan Jos
Lukuhay, yang mengembangkan perangkat "pesan" berbasis
"unix", "ethernet", pada tahun 1983, persis bersamaan
dengan berdirinya internet sebagai protokol resmi di Amerika Serikat. Pada
tahun- tahun tersebut, istilah "unix", "email",
"PC", "modem", "BBS", "ethernet", masih
merupakan kata-kata yang sangat langka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Periode rintisan telematika ini merupakan
masa dimana beberapa orang Indonesia belajar menggunakan telematika, atau
minimal mengetahuinya. Tahun 1980-an, teleconference terjadwal hampir sebulan
sekali di TVRI (Televisi Republik Indonesia) yang menyajikan dialog interaktif
antara Presiden Suharto di Jakarta dengan para petani di luar jakarta, bahkan
di luar pulau Jawa. Pada pihak akademisi dan praktisi praktisi IT (Information
and Technology), merekam penggunaan internet sebagai berikut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menjelang akhir tahun 1980-an, tercatat
beberapa komunitas BBS, seperti Aditya (Ron Prayitno), BEMONET (BErita MOdem
NETwork), JCS (Jakarta Computer Society - Jim Filgo), dan lain-lain. Konon,
BEMONET cukup populer dan bermanfaat sebagai penghilang stress dengan milis
seperti "JUNK/Batavia". Di kalangan akademis, pernah ada UNInet dan
Cossy. UNINET merupakan sebuah jaringan berbasis UUCP yang konon pernah
menghubungkan Dikti, ITS, ITB, UI, UGM, UnHas, dan UT. Cossy pernah
dioperasikan dengan menggunakan X.25 dengan pihak dari Kanada. Milis yang
kemudian muncul menjelang akhir tahun 1980-an ialah the Indonesian Development
Studiesi (IDS) (Syracuse, 1988); UKIndonesian (UK, 1989); INDOZNET (Australia,
1989); ISNET (1989); JANUS (Indonesians@janus.berkeley.edu), yang saking
besarnya sampai punya beberapa geographical relayers; serta tentunya milis
kontroversial seperti APAKABAR. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Jaringan internet tersebut, terhubungakan
dengan radio. Medio tahun 1980 diisi dengan komunikasi internasional melalui
kegiatan radio amatir, yang memiliki komunitas dengan nama Amatir Radio Club
(ARC) Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB). Bermodalkan pesawattransceiver HF SSB
Kenwood TS 430 dengan computer Apple II, sekitar belasan pemuda ITB
menghubungkan server BBS amatir radio seluruh dunia, agar email dapat berjalan
lancar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. Periode Pengenalan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Periode satu dasawarsa ini, tahun 1990-an,
teknologi telematika sudah banyak digunakan dan masyarakat mengenalnya.
Jaringan radio amatir yang jangkauannya sampai ke luar negeri marak pada
awal tahun 1990. hal ini juga merupakan efek kreativitas anak muda ketika itu,
setelah dipinggirkan dari panggung politik, yang kemudian disediakan wadah baru
dan dikenal sebagai Karang Taruna. Pada sisi lain, milis yang mulai digagas
sejak tahun 1980-an, terus berkembang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Internet masuk ke Indonesia pada tahun 1994,
dan milis adalah salah satu bagian dari sebuah web. Penggunanya tidak terbatas
pada kalangan akademisi, akan tetapi sampai ke meja kantor. ISP (Internet
Service Provider) pertama di Indonesia adalah IPTEKnet, dan dalam tahun yang
sama, beroperasi ISP komersil pertama, yaitu INDOnet. Dua tahun keterbukaan
informasi ini, salahsatu dampaknya adalah mendorong kesadaran politik dan usaha
dagang. Hal ini juga didukung dengan hadirnya televise swasta nasional, seperti
RCTI (Rajawali Citra Televisi) dan SCTV (Surya Citra Televisi) pada tahun
1995-1996. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teknologi telematika, seperti computer,
internet, pager, handphone, teleconference, siaran radio dan televise
internasional - tv kabel Indonesia, mulai dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Periode
pengenalan telematika ini mengalami lonjakan pasca kerusuhan Mei 1998.
Masa krisis ekonomi ternyata menggairahkan telematika di Indonesia. Disaat
keterbukaan yang diusung gerakan moral reformasi, stasiun televise yang syarat
informasi seperti kantor berita CNN dan BBC, yakni Metro Tv, hadir pada tahun
1998. Sementara itu, kapasitas hardware mengalami peningkatan, ragam teknologi
software terus menghasilkan yang baru, dan juga dilanjutkan mulaibergairahnya
usaha pelayanan komunikasi (wartel), rental computer, dan warnet (warung
internet). Kebutuhan informasi yang cepat dan gegap gempita dalam menyongsong
tahun 2000, abad 21, menarik banyak masyarakat Indonesia untuk tidak mengalami
kesenjangan digital (digital divide). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pemerintah yang masih sibuk dengan gejolak
politik yang kemudian diteruskan dengan upaya demokrasi pada Pemilu
1999, tidak menghasilkansuatu keputusan terkait perkembangan telematika
di Indonesia. Dunia pendidikan juga masih sibuk tambal sulam kurikulum sebagai
dampak perkembangan politik terbaru, bahkan proses pembelajaran masih
menggunakan cara-cara konvensional. Walaupun demikian, pada tanggal 15 Juli
1999, arsip pertama milis Telematika dikirim oleh Paulus Bambang Wirawan, yakni
sebuah permulaan mailinglist internet terbesar di Indonesia</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">c. Periode Aplikasi </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Reformasi yang banyak disalahartikan,
melahirkan gejala yang serba bebas, seakan tanpa aturan. Pembajakan software,
Hp illegal, perkembangan teknologi computer, internet, dan alat komunikasi
lainnya, dapat denganb mudah diperoleh, bahkan dipinggir jalan atau kios-kios
kecil. Tentunya, dengan harga murah. Keterjangkauan secara financial yang
ditawarkan, dan gairah dunia digital di era millennium ini, bukan hanya mampu
memperkenalkannya kepada masyarakat luas, akan tetapi juga mualai dilaksanakan,
diaplikasikan. Pada pihak lain, semua itu dapat berlangsung lancar, dengan
tersedianya sarana transportasi, kota-kota yang saling terhubung, dan industri
telematika dalam negeri yang terus berkembang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Awal era millennium inilah, pemerintah
Indonesia serius menaggapi perkembangan telematika dalam bentuk keputusan
politik. Kebijakan pengembangan yang sifatnya formal "top-down"
direalisasikan dengan dikeluarkannya Keputusan Presiden No. 50 Tahun 2000
tentang Tim Koordinasi Telematika Indonesia (TKTI), dan Instruksi Presiden No.
6 Tahun 2001 tentang Pendayagunaan Telematika. Dalam bidang yang sama,
khususnya terkait dengan pengaturan dan pelaksanaan mengenai nernagai bidang
usaha yang bergerak di sector telematika, diatur oleh Direktorat Jendral
Aplikasi Telematika (Dirjen Aptel) yang kedudukannya berada dibawah dan
bertanggungjawab kepada Menteri Komunikasi dan Informasi Republik Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Selanjutnya, teknologi mobile phone begitu
cepat pertumbuhannya. Bukan hanya dimiliki oleh hamper seluruh lapisan
masyarakat Indonesia, fungsi yang ditawarkan terbilang canggih. Muatannya
antara 1 Gigabyte, dapat berkoneksi dengan internet juga stasiun televise, dan
teleconference melalui 3G. Teknologi computer demikian, kini hadir dengan
skala tera (1000 Gigabyte), multi processor, multislot memory, dan jaringan
internet berfasilitas wireless access point. Bahkan, pada café dan kampus
tertentu, internet dapat diakses dengan mudah, dan gratis. Terkait dengan hal
tersebut, Depkominfo mencatat bahwa sepanjang tahun 2007 yang lalu,
Indonesia telah mengalami pertumbuhan 48% persen terutama di sektor sellular
yang mencapai 51% dan FWA yang mencapai 78% dari tahun sebelumnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Selain itu, dilaporkan tingkat kepemilikan
komputer pada masyarakat juga mengalami pertumbuhan sangat signifikan, mencapai
38.5 persen. Sedangkan angka pengguna Internet mencapai jumlah 2 juta pemakai
atau naik sebesar 23 persen dibanding tahun 2006. Tahun 2008 ini diharapkan
bisa mencapai angka pengguna 2,5 juta. Data statistik tersebut menunjukkan
aplikasi telematika cukup signifikan di Indonesia. Namun demikian, telematika
masih perlu disosialisasikan lebih intensif kepada semua lapisan masyarakat
tanpa terkecuali. Pemberdayaan manusianya, baik itu aparatur Negara
ataupun non- pemerintah, harus terus ditumbuhkembangkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Selama perkembangan telematika di Indonesia
sekitar tiga dasawarsa belakangan ini, membawa implikasi diberbagai bidang.
Kemudahan yang disuguhkan telematika akan meningkatkan kinerja usaha, menghemat
biaya, dan memperbaiki kualitas produk. Masyarakat juga mendapat manfaat
ekonomis dan peningkatan kualitas hidup. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Peluang untuk memperoleh informasi bernuansa
porno dan bentuk kekerasan lainnya, dapat terealisir. Di lain pihak, segi
individualis dan a-sosial amat mungkin akan banyak menggejala di masyarakat.
Walaupun demikian, masih banyak factor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi
perilaku masyarakat tertentu dan factor yang sama dapat berdampak lain pada
lingkungan yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sejak AS, sebagai negara yang paling awal
mempunyai inisiatif dalam pembangunan superhighways informasi, meluncurkan The
National Infrastructure Information-nya pada tahun 1991, banyak negara industri
lainnya mengikutinya. Bulan Februari 1996 Inggris dan Jerman memperkenalkan
kebijakan-kebijakan superhighways informasi mereka, yaitu The Information
Society Initiative di Inggris dan program The Info 2000 di Jerman. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tak lama kemudian di tahun 1996, negara di
Asia Tengah mengikutinya, seperti Filipina dengan Tiger, Malaysia dengan
Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) dan Singapura dengan Singapore-ONE. Dan di
tahun 1997 Indonesia meluncurkan kebijakan superhighways informasi dengan nama
Nusantara 21. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perkembangan
wireless</span></div>
pada tahun 1997 IEEE membuat suatu spesifikasi/standar WLAN yang pertama
dengan kode IEEE 802.11 (bekerja pada frekuensi 2.4 GHz). Standar ini
diciptakan oleh Komite IEEE (kode IEEE 802) yang menangani standardisasi
jaringan LAN/MAN. Hanya sayang kecepatan komunikasi datanya baru 2 Mbps. Oleh
karena itu, pada tahun 1999 muncul spesifikasi baru bernama 802.11b dimana tipe
ini bisa mencapai data rate 11 Mbps. Namun, ada satu kelemahan dari tipe ini,
yaitubanyak alat-alat lain yang menggunakan gelombang radio pada frekuensi ini
2.4 GHz (misal: cordless phone, microwave oven, dll.). Jadi, sangat mungkin
terjadi Interferensi yang akan menggangu performa WLAN tipe ini.<br />
Perubahan dan spesifikasi baru yang lebih mumpuni pun bermunculan. Misalnya,
tak lama setelah tipe 802.11b, IEEE membuat spek baru 802.11a yang menggunakan
frekuensi 5 GHz dan data rate mencapai 54 Mbps. Kemudian pada tahun 2002,
muncul 802.11g yang menggabungkan kelebihan pada 802.11b dan 802.11a.<br />
Tipe ini bekerja pada frekuensi 2,4Ghz dengan kecepatan transfer data
teoritis maksimal 54Mbps. Peralatan 802.11g kompatibel dengan 802.11b, artinya
pemakaiannya dapat saling dipertukarkan. Misalkan saja sebuah komputer yang
menggunakan LAN card 802.11g dapat memanfaatkan access point 802.11b, dan
sebaliknya.Pada tahun 2006, 802.11n dikembangkan dengan menggabungkan teknologi
802.11b dan 802.11g. Teknologi ini dikenal dengan istilah MIMO (Multiple Input
Multiple Output) merupakan teknologi Wi-Fi terbaru. MIMO dibuat berdasarkan
spesifikasi Pre-802.11n. Kata ”Pre-” menyatakan “Prestandard versions of
802.11n”. Lebar frekuensi tipe 802.11n ini 2.4 GHz dengan data rate mencapai
100Mbps. Daya tembus MIMO terhadap penghalang lebih baik, selain itu
jangkauannya lebih luas sehingga Anda dapat menempatkan laptop atau klien Wi-Fi
sesuka hati.<br />
<b>Hardware yang digunakan pada wireless</b><br />
a. Hardware Access Point + plus<br />
<br />
Perangkat standard yang digunakan untuk access point. Access Point dapat
berupa perangkat access point saja atau dengan dual fungsi sebagai internal
router.<br />
b. PCMCIA Adapter<br />
Alat ini dapat ditambahkan pada notebook dengan pada PCMCIA slot. Model PCMCIA
juga tersedia dengan tipe G atau double transmit.<br />
c. USB Wireless Adaptor<br />
Alat ini mengambil power 5V dari USB port. Untuk kemudahan USB WIFI adapter
dengan fleksibel ditempatkan bagi notebook dan PC.<br />
d. USB Add-on PCI slot<br />
Perangkat ini umumnya diberikan bersama paket mainboard untuk melengkapi
perangkat WIFI pada sebuah computer. Sama kemampuannya dengan PCI card wireless
network tetapi mengunakan jack USB internal pada mainboard termasuk pemakaian
power diambil dari cable tersebut.<br />
<br />
e. Mini PCI bus adapter<br />
PCImini bus adalah slot PCI yang disediakan pada notebook dan pemakai dapat
menambahkan perangkat seperti WIFI adaptor didalam sebuah notebook.<br />
<br />
f. PCI card wireless network<br />
PCIcard Wireless network dapat juga berupa sebuah card WIFI yang ditancapkan
pada slot computer atau dengan mengambil power dari USB tetapi dipasangkan pada
PCI slot. Perangkat Wireless network dapat juga diaktifkan menjadi Access
point. Perangkat jenis PCI card dipasangkan permanen pada sebuah desktop PC.<br />
<br />
<b>Software yang digunakan pada wireless</b><br />
a. Wireless Wizard<br />
Meningkatkan keandalan dan penggunaan dari setiap WiFi, WiMAX, LTE, 3G atau
jaringan data nirkabel.<br />
b. Easy wifi radar<br />
untuk menemukan dan terhubung untuk membuka jalur akses nirkabel dengan
mouseclick tunggal. Terhubung ke hotspot gratis tanpa kerumitan.<br />
c. Advanced port scanner<br />
dapat memindai port sangat cepat, berisi deskripsi untuk port umum, dan dapat
melakukan scan pada rentang port yang telah ditentukan.<br />
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Fitur layout telemtika</span><br />
Pada dasarnya, fitur layout telematika terbagi 6 macam fitur layanan antara
lain :<br />
<br />
1. Head Up Display System<br />
Head Up Display (HUD) merupakan sebuah tampilan transparan yang menampilkan
data tanpa mengharuskan penggunanya untuk melihat ke arah yang lain dari sudut
pandang biasanya. Asal nama dari alat ini yaitu pengguna dapat melihat
informasi dengan kepala yang terangkat (head up) dan melihat ke arah depan
daripada melihat ke arah bawah bagian instrumen. Walaupun HUD dibuat untuk
kepentingan penerbangan militer (kayaknya jaman dulu sampe sekarang teknologi
itu dipakai militer dulu baru di kasih ke orang sipil, trus kapan orang sipil
bisa punya teknologi?), sekarang HUD telah digunakan pada penerbangan sipil,
kendaraang bermotor dan aplikasi lainnya.<br />
<br />
2. Tangible User Interface<br />
Tangible User Interface, yang disingkat TUI, adalah antarmuka dimana seseorang
dapat berinteraksi dengan informasi digital lewat lingkungan fisik. Nama
inisial Graspable User Interface, sudah tidak lagi digunakan. Salah satu
perintis TUI ialah Hiroshi Ishii, seorang profesor di Laboratorium Media MIT
yang memimpin Tangible Media Group. Pandangan istimewanya untuk tangible UI
disebut tangible bits, yaitu memberikan bentuk fisik kepada informasi digital
sehingga membuat bit dapat dimanipulasi dan diamati secara langsung.<br />
<br />
3. Computer Vision<br />
Computer Vision (komputer visi) merupakan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dari
mesin yang melihat. Dalam aturan pengetahuan, komputer visi berhubungan dengan
teori yang digunakan untuk membangun sistem kecerdasan buatan yang membutuhkan
informasi dari citra (gambar). Data citranya dapat dalam berbagai bentuk,
misalnya urutan video, pandangan deri beberapa kamera, data multi dimensi yang
di dapat dari hasil pemindaian medis.<br />
<br />
4. Browsing Audio Data<br />
Browsing Audio Data merupakan metode browsing jaringan yang digunakan untuk
browsing video / audio data yang ditangkap oleh sebuah IP kamera. Jaringan
video / audio metode browsing mencakupi langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :<br />
<br />
a. Menjalankan sebuah program aplikasi komputer lokal untuk mendapatkan kode <br />
identifikasi yang disimpan dalam kamera IP<br />
b. Transmisi untuk mendaftarkan kode identifikasi ke DDNS ( Dynamic Domain Name
<br />
Server) oleh program aplikasi<br />
c. Mendapatkan kamera IP pribadi alamat dan alamat server pribadi sehingga
pasangan <br />
IP kamera dan kontrol kamera IP melalui kamera IP pribadi alamat dan alamat <br />
server pribadi<br />
d. Compile ke layanan server melalui alamat server pribadi sehingga untuk <br />
mendapatkan video / audio data yang ditangkap oleh kamera IP, dimana server <br />
layanan menangkap video / audio data melalui Internet.<br />
<br />
5. Speech Recognition<br />
Dikenal juga dengan pengenal suara otomatis (automatic speech recognition) atau
pengenal suara komputer (computer speech recognition). Merupakan salah satu
fitur antarmuka telematika yang merubah suara menjadi tulisan (hebat, padahal
kalo lagi di dikte sama dosen juga kita bisa ngubah suara jadi tulisan).
Istilah ‘voice recognition’ terkadang digunakan untuk menunjuk ke speech
recognition dimana sistem pengenal dilatih untuk menjadi pembicara istimewa,
seperti pada kasus perangkat lunak untuk komputer pribadi, oleh karena itu
disana terdapat aspek dari pengenal pembicara, dimana digunakan untuk mengenali
siapa orang yang berbicara, untuk mengenali lebih baik apa yang orang itu
bicarakan. Speech recognition merupakan istilah masukan yang berarti dapat
mengartikan pembicaraan siapa saja.<br />
<br />
6. Speech Synthesis<br />
Speech synthesis merupakan hasil kecerdasan buatan dari pembicaraan manusia.
Komputer yang digunakan untuk tujuan ini disebut speech syhthesizer dan dapat
diterapkan pada perangkat lunak dan perangkat keras. Sebuah sistem text to
speech (TTS) merubah bahasa normal menjadi pembicaraan.<br />
<br />
Penggambaran Fitur Layout Telematika<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzl1KZNvJ3HvFHt5oYOXG94S1KWRhAInH6T_u6EkDrYm1DH2F4KxdMyku6GiNZiZvKDa5gSLNQAKeXZxh0UvaoZ7EFRNC1-lOkb7HHS6jKzaahp_D4kFp48lBbHbT5NrvwKThLMvmXL2Gv/s1600/figure_1_automotive_telematics.jpg"><span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzl1KZNvJ3HvFHt5oYOXG94S1KWRhAInH6T_u6EkDrYm1DH2F4KxdMyku6GiNZiZvKDa5gSLNQAKeXZxh0UvaoZ7EFRNC1-lOkb7HHS6jKzaahp_D4kFp48lBbHbT5NrvwKThLMvmXL2Gv/s320/figure_1_automotive_telematics.jpg" border="0" height="192" src="file:///C:\Users\jafar\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></a><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sumber: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://david-laisina.blogspot.com/2012/01/jelaskan-gambarkan-fitur-layout.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://david-laisina.blogspot.com/2012/01/jelaskan-gambarkan-fitur-layout.html</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://singgihwalkers.wordpress.com/2012/11/04/pengantar-telematika/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://singgihwalkers.wordpress.com/2012/11/04/pengantar-telematika/</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://reselected.blogspot.com/2012/11/tugas-2-pengantar-telematika.html</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-70172166309866906972013-10-17T23:04:00.004-07:002013-10-17T23:04:41.465-07:00Pengantar Telematika<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tugas 1 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TELEMATIKA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Definisi
Telmatika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata Telematika berasal dari bahasa Perancis “TELEMATIQUE”
yang berarti bertemunya sistem jaringan komunikasi dengan teknologi informasi.
Istilah telematika merujuk pada cyberspace sebagai suatu sistem elektronik yang
lahir dari perkembangan dan konvergensi telekomunikasi, media dan informatika.
Istilah Teknologi Informasi itu sendiri merujuk pada perkembangan teknologi
perangkat-perangkat pengolah informasi. Para praktisi menyatakan bahwa
TELEMATICS adalah singkatan dari TELECOMMUNICATION and INFORMATICS sebagai
wujud dari perpaduan konsep Computing and Communication. Istilah Telematics
juga dikenal sebagai (the new hybrid technology) yang lahir karena perkembangan
teknologi digital. Perkembangan ini memicu perkembangan teknologi
telekomunikasi dan informatika menjadi semakin terpadu atau populer dengan
istilah konvergensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media komunikasi yang digunakan
untuk telematika</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internet</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Handphone</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Video
Conference</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perkembangan
telematika sebelum dan sesudah internet muncul</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peristiwa proklamasi 1945 membawa
perubahan yang bagi masyarakat Indonesia, dan sekaligus menempatkannya pada
situasi krisis jati diri. Krisis ini terjadi karena Indonesia sebagai sebuah
negara belum memiliki perangkat sosial, hukum, dan tradisi yang mapan. Situasi
itu menjadi ‘bahan bakar’ bagi upaya-upaya pembangunan karakter bangsa di tahun
50-an dan 60-an. Di awal 70-an, ketika kepemimpinan soeharto, orientasi
pembangunan bangsa digeser ke arah ekonomi, sementara proses – proses yang
dirintis sejak tahun 50-an belum mencapai tingkat kematangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam latar belakang sosial
demikianlah telekomunikasi dan informasi, mulai dari radio, telegrap, dan
telepon, televise, satelit telekomunikasi, hingga ke internet dan perangkat
multimedia tampil dan berkembang di Indonesia. Perkembangan telematika penulis
bagi menjadi 2 masa yaitu masa sebelum atau pra satelit dan masa satelit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di periode pra satelit (sebelum tahun 1976),
perkembangan teknologi komunikasi di Indonesia masih terbatas pada bidang
telepon dan radio. Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) lahir dengan di dorong oleh
kebutuhan yang mendesak akan adanya alat perjuangan di masa revolusi
kemerdekaan tahun 1945, dengan menggunakan perangkat keras seadanya. Dalam
situasi demikian ini para pendiri RRI melangsungkan pertemuan pada tanggal 11
September 1945 untuk merumuskan jati diri keberadaan RRI sebagai sarana
komunikasi antara pemerintah dengan rakyat, dan
antara
rakyat dengan
rakyat.Sedangkan telepon pada masa itu tidak terlalu penting sehingga anggaran
pemerintah untuk membangun telekomunikasipun masih kecil jumlahnya. Saat itu,
telepon dikelola oleh PTT (Perusahaan Telepon dan Telegrap) saja. Sampai
pergantian rezim dari Orla ke Orba di tahun 1965, RRI merupakan operator tunggal
siaran radio di Indonesia. Setelah itu bermunculan radio – radio siaran swasta.
Lima tahun kemudian muncul PP NO. 55 tahun 1970 yang mengatur
tentang radio siaran non
pemerintah.Periode awal tahun 1960-an merupakan masa suram bagi
pertelekomunikasian Indonesia, para ahli teknologi masih menggeluti teknologi
sederhana dan “kuno”. Misalnya saja, PTT masih menggunakan sentral-sentral
telepon yang manual, teknik radio High Frequency ataupun saluran kawat terbuka
(Open Were Lines). Pada masa itu, banyak negara pemberi dana untuk Indonesia –
termasuk pendana untuk pengembangan telekomunikasi, menghentikan bantuannya.
Hal itu karena semakin memburuknya situasi dan kondisi ekonomi dan politi di
Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tercatat bahwa pada masa 1960-1967,
hanya Jerman saja yang masih bersikap setia dan menaruh perhatian besar pada
bidang telekomunikasi Indonesia, dan menyediakan dana walau di masa-masa sulit
sekalipun. Ketika itu pengembangan telekomunikasi masih difokuskan pada
pengadaan sentra telepon, baik untuk komunikasi lokal maupun jarak jauh, dan
jaringan kabel. Indonesia saat itu belum memiliki satelit. Sentral telepon
beserta perlengkapan hubungan jarak jauh ini diperoleh dari Jerman. Pada saat
itu, Indonesia hanya dapat membeli produk yang sama, dari perusahaan yang sama,
yakni Perusahaan Jerman. Tidak ada pilihan lain bagi Indonesia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keleluasaan barulah bisa dirasakan
setelah di tahun 1967/1968 mengalir pinjaman-pinjaman ke Indonesia, baik
bilateral ataupun pinjaman multilateral dari Bank Dunia, melalui pinjaman yang
disepakati IGGI. Akan tetapi, pada masa inipun inovasi dalam pemfungsian
teknologi telekomunikasi masih belum berkembang dengan baik di negeri ini. Peda
dasarnya kita memberi dan memakai perlengkapan seperti switches, cables,
carries yang sudah lazim kita pakai sebelumnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan penyiaran televisi lahir tahun
1962 sebelum adanya satelit yang semula hanya dimaksudkan sebagai perlengkapan
bagi penyelenggara Asian Games IV di Jakarta. Siaran percobaan pertama kali
terjadi pada 17 Agustus 1962 yang menyiarkan upacara peringatan kemerdekaan RI
dari Istana Merdeka melalui microwave. Dan pada tanggal 24 Agustus 1962, TVRI
bisa menyiarkan upacara pembukaan Asian Games, dan tanggal itu dinyatakan
sebagai hari jadi TVRI. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdorong oleh inovasi, akhirnya
pada tanggal 14 November 1962 untuk pertama kalinya TVRI memberanikan diri
melakukan siaran langsung dari studio yang berukuran 9×11 meter dan tanpa
akustik yang memadai. Acaranya terbatas, hanya berupa permainan piano tunggal
oleh B.J. Supriadi dengan pengaruh acara Alex Leo. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih setahun setelah siaran
pertama, barulah keberadaan TVRI dijelaskan dengan pembentukan Yayasan TVRI
melalui Keppres No. 215/1963 tertanggal 20 oktober 1963. Antara lain disebutkan
bahwa TVRI menjadi alat hubungan masyarakat (mass communication media) dalam
pembangunan mental/spiritual dan fisik daripada Bangsa dan Negara Indonesia
serta pembentukan manusia sosialis Indonesia pada khususnya.<br />
Sampai tahun 1989, TVRI merupakan operator tunggal di bidang penyiaran
televise.<br />
Jadi sebelum satelit palapa mengorbit, Indonesia hanya mengenal telekomunikasi
yang bersifat terestrial, yakni yang jangkauannya masih dibatasi oleh lautan.
Telekomunikasi seperti ini tidak bisa menjangkau pulau-pulau kecuali melalui
penggunaan SKKL (Saluran Komunikasi Kabel Laut) yang mahal dan sulit
dipergunakan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gagasan tentang peluncuran satelit
bagi telekomunikasi domestik di Indonesia bisa ditelusuri asal muasalnya dari
sebuah konferensi di Janewa tahun 1971 yang disebut WARCST (World
Administrative Radio Confrence on Space Telecomunication). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada konferensi itu di tampilkan
pila pameran dari perusahaan raksasa pesawat terbang Hughes. Perusahaan inilah
yang mengusulkan ide pemanfaatan satelit bagi kepentingan domestik Indonesia.
Hal tersebut disambut oleh Suhardjono yang berlatar belakang militer dan
membawa masalah satelit itu sampai ke Presiden RI. Selain pertimbangan
kelayakan ekonomi dan teknis, sejarah peluncuran satelit ini juga diwarnai oleh
kepentingan politik dimana hubungan antara Indonesia dengan negara- negara lain
sudah mulai bersahabat. Di sisi lain, satelit memungkinkan penyebaran luas
ideologi negara ke masyarakat luas melalui TV, satelit juga menguntungkan
secara ekonomi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi tentang cara-cara
menggali sumber daya alam dapat berlangsung dengan mudah. Ini berlaku untuk
kasus tembaga pura (Freeport) dan di Dili. Peluncuran satelit Palapa di Cape
Canaveral, Florida, bulan Agustus 1976 pada panel peluncuran terdapat 3 orang
Indonesia dan perwakilan dari perusahaan NASA dan Hughes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kejadian ini diresmikan juga melalui
pidato kenegaraan oleh presiden Soeharto di Jakarta, tanggal 16 Agustus 1976.
ini merupakan satu- satunya proyek teknologi yang mendapat tempat terhormat di
gedung Parlemen. Namun peluncuran satelit itu merupakan kebijakan nasional yang
gagasan awalnya dicetuskan oleh pemerintah. Hal ini didasarkan pada
pertimbangan bahwa Indonesia pernah mengalami ancaman perpecahan. Untuk
mempersatukan tanah air yang sangat luas ini diperlukan sarana perhubungan yang
mencakup seluruh wilayah nusantara. Proses kelahiran satelit ini hanya
melibatkan sedikit teknokrat dan teknolog yang berpihak pada kepentingan Orba</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Harapan kedepan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diharapkan dengan adanya telematika ini kemudahan dalam
memperoleh Informasi secara<u> cepat</u>. Informasi yang diperoleh dapat
bersifat real time artinya pada saat itu juga. Selain itu informasi yang
diinginkan dapat diperoleh secara langsung pada sumbernya sehingga mengurangi
adanya distorsi informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber: http://upadama.blogspot.com/2012/10/pengertian-telematika.html</span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-72148526554982710922013-07-03T23:08:00.003-07:002013-07-03T23:08:48.514-07:00BERBAHASA SESUAI RANAH PEMAKAIANNYA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BERBAHASA SESUAI DENGAN
RANAH PEMAKAIANNYA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Opini Pertama : Satu bahasa bisa
digunakan berbagai macam ragam bahasa.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini adalah suatu contoh pada bahasa
Indonesia. Dalam Bahasa Indonesia mempunyai banyak ragam (varian) yang dipakai
sesuai konteksnya. Misalnya untuk acara kenegaraan atau keperluan akademis kita
menggunakan bahasa Indonesia baku. Sementara untuk keperluan sehari-hari,
bahasa Indonesia yang kita pakai bersifat tidak baku (informal) dan seringkali
dipengaruhi oleh bahasa daerah masing-masing. Kedua ragam tersebut dipakai
secara bersamaan dan beriringan dalam kehidupan dan mempunyai fungsi
masing-masing. Adapun jika ragam informal dari bahasa Indonesia pada akhirnya
berkembang, itu adalah hasil kreasi penutur bahasa yang hakikatnya memang penuh
inovasi. Nah, maka dari pada itu lahirlah bahasa gaul, yang kesemuanya adalah
ragam informalnya bahasa Indonesia. Karena dalam ranah bahasa baku untuk
akademis dan kenegaraan penuturnya tidak bisa berkreasi (karena dibatasi
aturan-aturan dan kebakuan), maka sangat wajar jika dalam ranah informal,
penutur bahasa berkreasi, dan tidak terkecuali dalam bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa
Inggris pun demikian adanya. Meskipun bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa yang
lebih mapan, bahasa Inggris juga mempunyai ragam informalnya, dan bahkan ragam
informalnya lebih dari satu dan sangat dipengaruhi unsur kedaerahan. Situasi
kebahasaan yang memungkinkan suatu masyarakat dalam suatu wilayah yang
menggunakan beberapa ragam bahasa dalam kehidupannya dinamakan diglosia dan
sangat lazim terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Opini Kedua : Dampak Globalisasi
terhadap Sikap Bahasa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Globalisasi sudah
menjadi fenomena semesta; globalisasi, suka atau tidak suka, juga mengubah
sikap bahasa penutur Indonesia terhadap BI, terutama di kota-kota besar di
Indonesia, khususnya terhadap BI resmi, penggunaan BI resmi, termasuk bahasa
nasional, dianggap kurang bergengsi (kurang prestise), kurang nyaman (<i>comfort</i>),
kurang canggih, bahkan dirasakan kurang aksi/kurang bergaya (<i>prestige motive</i>).
Sikap ini juga terjadi pada media-media elektronik kita, dengan dalih era
globalisasi, mata-mata acara ditayangkan dengan bahasa Inggris, malahan
presenternya pun menggunakan bahasa gado-gado.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikian pula halnya
sikap bahasa terhadap bahasa daerah, bahasa daerah kita cenderung telah tergusur
karena penggunaan bahasa daerah dianggap <i>kampungan.</i> Sikap
seperti itu tidak boleh terjadi; ini amat berbahaya karena penggusuran terhadap
bahasa daerah akan berakibat terhadap tergusurnya kebudayaan daerah; hilangnya
bahasa daerah berarti hilangnya kebudayaan daerah. Itu akan menimbulkan
kekosongan/ kehampaan kebudayaan (<i>cultural void</i>), ini akan mencengkeram
masyarakat. Sebagaimana kita ketahui, bahasa adalah jaringan sentral
kebudayaan, di samping sebagai salah satu produk kebudayaan itu sendiri.
Penggantian budaya yang sudah mapan dan berakar oleh budaya lain yang baru dan
asing bisa menjadi fatal; ini akan menjadi krisis identitas yang amat serius.
Konon masyarakat yang kehilangan budayanya akan dihinggapi penyakit kehilangan
kepercayaan diri; masyarakat itu akan selalu bergantung kepada orang lain, akan
mencari tuntunan orang lain di dalam membuat putusan-putusan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setakat ini sikap
bahasa yang lain adalah kecenderungn memberi gengsi tinggi terhadap BI ragam
rendah/ragam bahasa gaul, termasuk suka mencampur-campur unsur bahasa asing,
khususnya bahasa Inggris, di samping suka beralih-alih ke bahasa tersebut,
padahal konteks dan situasi komunikasi tidak menuntutnya. Dengan kata lain,
terdapat tumpang-tindih ranah penggunan bahasa. Ranah yang menuntut penggunaan
bahasa resmi disulih dengan bahasa ragam rendah/bahasa gaul; konteks dan
situasi interaksi resmi disulih dengan bahasa campur-campur atau dengan
konstruksi wacana yang penuh dengan interferensi dari nonbahasa Indonesia
resmi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara kasat
mata, <i>globalisasi juga menurunkan derajat kebakuan</i> ragam
bahasa resmi: BI resmi mendapat gangguan dari bahasa asing, terutama bahasa
utama dunia, seperti bahasa Inggris; gangguan ini cenderung tampak pada
tingginya gejala interferensi (baik secara gramatikal maupun leksikal) dan
gejala campur-campur bahasa BI-BA/Inggris, termasuk pemanfaatan alternasi
(beralih/alih bahasa) yang sebenarnya tidak diperlukan/tidak dituntut dalam
situasi komunikasi yang sedang berlangsung. Yang lebih memprihatinkan adalah
bahwa globalisasi mengimplikasikan kecenderungan <i>mengendurnya semangat
nasional</i> pada generasi muda bangsa kita, terutama di kota-kota
besar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUMBER:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://intanyeon.blogspot.com/2013/06/berbahasa-sesuai-dengan-ranah.html </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-42519466411485727102013-05-02T18:23:00.001-07:002013-05-02T18:23:43.127-07:00software praat<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LATAR BELAKANG PENELITIAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterlambatan bicara adalah salah satu penyebab gangguan perkembangan yang paling sering ditemukan pada anak. Gangguan ini semakin hari tampak semakin meningkat pesat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak yang mengalami gangguan bicara mengakibatkan ketidakjelasan pada proses artikulasi berupa produksi voiced dan unvoiced dan intonasi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik suara anak penderita delayed speech berdasarkan spectrum suara, sehingga dapat ditentukan karakteristik dari suara anak tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penelitian ini merujuk pada Teori Fonologi Metrik (<i>Metrical Phonology Theory</i>) sebagai pengembangan teori fonologi (Liberman L. Streeter, 1976<i>).</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Fry (1955, 1958) dan Lehiste (1970)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menggunakan ciri bunyi untuk menentukan tekanan bunyi pada suku kata, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kenyaringan suku kata</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">panjang pendek suku kata</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengambil data dari audio dan visual secara personal dalam 2 tahap, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tahap fitur visual, yaitu prosodi dan spectral</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">visual fitur, yaitu menganalisis produksi suara melalui mimic objek.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil penelitian</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Data perolehan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sonority peak nomina </i>pada Gambar 2 dan intonasi menunjukkan kestabilan perkembangan perolehan suara.</span> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kenyaringan menunjukkan bahwa anak yang berusia lebih tinggi kurang nyaring dalam mengucapkan kata yang diminta. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perkembangan yang positif pada mental anak. Anak mulai dapat membedakan intonasi yang datar harus digunakan pada kata nomina.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GAMBAR 2</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Data perolehan hasil perolehan sonority peak verba pada Gambar 3 menunjukkan hasil yang sangat baik, karena verba yang diminta adalah kosakata imperative dan subjek dapat mempraktekkan dengan baik sesuai dengan rentang usia.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 124.5pt; text-align: center;"><img alt="" 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/><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GAMBAR 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 141.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Anak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">delayed speech</i> sering menemui kendala dalam memproduksi ujaran lisan. Pola intonasi yang dibatasi oleh batas nada tinggi atau rendah menunjukkan nada yang relatif datar dan lemah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Muhammad Subali, Tri Wahyu Retno Ningsih, M. Kholiq, “ DETEKSI SONORITY PEAK UNTUK PENDERITA SPEECH DELAY MENGGUNAKAN SPEECH FILING SYSTEM “,</span></div>jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-32750844774944348672013-01-22T06:21:00.003-08:002013-01-22T06:21:31.195-08:00Daftar Pustaka<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar pustaka adalah halaman yang
berisi daftar sumber-sumber referensi yang kita pakai untuk suatu tulisan
ataupun karya tulis ilmiah. Daftar Pustaka biasanya berisi judul buku-buku,
artikel-artikel, dan bahan-bahan penerbitan lainnya, yang mempunyai pertalian
dengan sebuah karangan (contohnya: thesis). Melalui daftar pustaka yang
disertakan pada akhir tulisan, para pembaca dapat melihat kembali pada sumber
aslinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNSUR-UNSUR
DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unsur-unsur yang harus kita
perhatikan dalam menulis daftar pustaka diantaranya: nama pengarang,
penerjemah, tahun terbit, judul buku, kota terbit, dan penerbit. Selain itu ada
pula unsur-unsur yang bisa ada namun tak selalu ada, misalnya: nama editor atau
penyunting, jilid buku, edisi buku, dan anak judul. Disebut tak selalu ada
karena tak semua buku memiliki unsur-unsur ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang sering membingungkan kita dalam
menulis daftar pustaka diantaranya adalah cara menuliskan nama pengarang. Pada
daftar pustaka, nama pengarang kita tuliskan terbalik yaitu nama belakang
terlebih dahulu di ikuti tanda koma(,) baru nama depannya. Berikut ini tata
cara membalikan nama pengarang dalam daftar pustaka:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama belakang ditulis lebih dahulu daripada nama depan,
meskipun bukan merupakan nama keluarga.Misalnya: Dewi Rieka…………..>
ditulis sebagai: Rieka, Dewi.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama belakang yang bagian akhirnya berupa <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">singkatan</span> tidak diletakkan
di bagian depan pembalikan.Misalnya: Triani Zulfa A ………………>
ditulis sebagai: Retno A, Zulfa <b>dan bukan</b> A, Triani
Zulfa</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama yang mencantumkan gelar tradisi, maka nama yang
diletakkan di depan dalam pembalikan adalah nama yang tercantum setelah
gelar.Misalnya: Rahman Sutan Radjo ………………..> ditulis
sebagai: Rajo, Rahman Sutan</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama yang mencantumkan kata bin atau binti, maka yang
dicantumkan di depan dalam penulisan daftar pustaka adalah nama yang
tercantum setelah kata bin atau binti tersebut.Misalnya: Abdullah Majid
binti Rustam ……………..> ditulis sebagai: Rustam, </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abdullah Majid binti</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama pengarang memiliki nama majemukMisalnya: Hillary
Rodham-Clinton ………………………> ditulis sebagai: Rodham-Clinton,
Hillary <b>dan bukan</b> Clinton, Hillary Rodham.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama keluarga berada di bagian depan nama seperti
nama-nama orang Cina, maka tidak perlu ada pembalikan nama dalam penulisan
daftar pustaka. Misalnya: Wong Kam Fu ………..> ditulis
sebagai: Wong, Kam FuKecuali jika mencantumkan nama Barat, maka asas pembalikan
nama ini tetap berlaku. Misalnya: Michelle Yeoh ………….>
ditulis sebagai: Yeoh, Michelle</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulisan nama-nama pengarang dari Eropa yang memiliki
kata depan, kata sandang, atau perpaduannya juga memiliki peraturan
tersendiri dalam penulisan daftar pustaka. Misalnya nama-nama Italia yang
nama keluarganya didahului dengan awalan, maka kata utama ada pada awalan
tersebut. Misalnya: Leonardo Di Caprio…………………> ditulis
sebagai: Di Caprio, LeonardoAkan tetapi, nama-nama Italia yang nama
keluarganya berawalan <i>d’ de, de’, degli, dei, </i>dan <i>de li</i>,
maka kata utama ada nama setelah awalan itu. Misalnya: Lorenzo d’Montana
…………> ditulis sebagai: Montana, Lorenzo d’</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) Jenis-jenis Daftar Pustaka</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">#Kelompok Textbook<br />
a. Penulis perorangan<br />
b. Kumpulan karangan beberapa penulis dengan editor<br />
c. Buku yang ditulis / dibuat oleh lembaga<br />
d. Buku terjemahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"># Kelompok Jurnal<br />
a. Artikel yang disusun oleh penulis<br />
b. Artikel yang disusun oleh lembaga<br />
c. Kelompok makalah yang diresentasikan dalam seminar / konferensi /<br />
simposium</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"># Kelompok disertasi / tesis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"># Kelompok makalah / informasi dari
Internet</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) Teknik Penulisan Daftar Pustaka</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam penulisan daftar pustaka kita
juga harus memperhatikan hal-hal berikut ini.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar pustaka disusun berdasarkan urutan alfabet,
berturut-turut dari atas ke bawah, tanpa menggunakan angka arab (1,2,3,
dan seterusnya).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara penulisan daftar pustaka sebagai berikut:<br />
-Tulis nama pengarang (nama pengarang bagian belakang ditulis terlebih
dahulu, baru nama depan)<br />
-Tulislah tahun terbit buku. Setelah tahun terbit diberi tanda titik (.)<br />
-Tulislah judul buku (dengan diberi garis bawah atau cetak miring).
Setelah judul buku diberi tanda titik (.).<br />
-Tulislah kota terbit dan nama penerbitnya. Diantara kedua bagian itu
diberi tanda titik dua (:). Setelah nama penerbit diberi tanda titik<br />
-Apabila digunakan dua sumber pustaka atau lebih yang sama pengarangnya,
maka sumber dirilis dari buku yang lebih dahulu terbit, baru buku yang
terbit kemudian. Di antara kedua sumber pustaka itu dibutuhkan tanda garis
panjang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk penulisan daftar pustaka yang berasal dari
internet ada beberapa rumusan pendapat :<br />
- Menurut Sophia (2002), komponen suatu bibliografi online adalah:<br />
• Nama Pengarang• Tanggal revisi terakhhir• Judul Makalah• Media yang
memuat• URL yang terdiri dari protocol/situs/path/file• Tanggal
akses. – Menurut Winarko memberikan rumusan pencantuman bibliografi
online di daftar pustaka sebagai berikut: Artikel jurnal dari internet:
Majalah/Jurnal Online<br />
Penulis, tahun, judul artikel, nama majalah (dengan singkatanresminya),
nomor, volume, halaman dan alamat website.*) Nama majalah online harus
ditulis miring<b> </b></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="http://luphmama.wordpress.com/wp-includes/js/tinymce/plugins/wordpress/img/trans.gif" height="1" src="file:///C:\Users\jafar\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="1" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aturan umum penulisan daftar pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyusunan daftar pustaka disusun secara <b>alfabetis</b>
(urut abjad) berdasarkan nama belakang dari pengarang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulisan daftar pustaka tidak perlu diberi nomor urut.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar pustaka diletakkan di bagian akhir karya ilmiah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelar akademik, pangkat, kebangsawanan tidak perlu
dicantumkan.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh
penulisan daftar pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aminudin. 1999. <i>Pembelajaran
Terpadu Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia</i>. Malang : IKIP Malang Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baradja, Abdullah. 1990. <i>Kapita
Selekta Pengajaran Bahasa</i>. Yogyakarta : UGM University Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">———————— . 1991. <i>Tata Bahasa Baku
Bahasa Indonesia</i>. Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hamid, Fuad Abdul dan Taufik Ismail.
1987. <i>Menuju Pengajaran Bahasa Berbasis Strategi Belajar</i>. Semarang : PT.
Toha Putra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wahab, Abdul dkk. 1996. <i>Isu
Linguistik Pengajaran Bahasa dan Sastra</i>. Surabaya : Airlangga University
Press.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama Pengarang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila nama pengarang terdiri lebih dari satu
unsur/kata, maka nama yang paling belakang diletakkan di depan. (M. Arif
Rahman Hakim à Hakim, M. Arif Rahman)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila pengarangnya ada 2 maka yang dibalik cukup nama
pengarang yang pertama saja. (Fuad Abdul Hamid dan Taufik Ismail à Hamid,
Fuad Abdul dan Taufik Ismail).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila pengarangnya lebih dari 2 maka yang ditulis
cukup nama pengarang yang pertama saja dan diberi singkatan <b>dkk.</b> (dan
kawan-kawan) atau <b>et.al.</b> (Suwanto, Daud, Nurdin, dan Agus à
Suwanto, dkk.)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila dalam sebuah daftar pustaka terdapat dua atau
lebih buku yang dikarang oleh pengarang yang sama maka pengurutannya
berdasarkan tahun terbitnya dan nama pengarang cukup ditulis sekali dan
selanjutnya digantikan dengan garis.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemisahan antara nama belakang dan nama depan
menggunakan <b>tanda koma</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah unsur nama pengarang diakhiri dengan <b>tanda
titik</b>.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahun terbit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila ada 2 buku atau lebih yang dikarang oleh
pengarang yang sama, maka yang dituliskan pertama kali adalah yang tahun
terbitnya paling dulu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila buku tersebut tidak diketahui tahun terbitnya,
maka cukup ditulis dengan ‘<b>t.t.</b>’ (tanpa tahun)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemisahan antara unsur tahun terbit dengan unsur judul
buku menggunakan <b>tanda titik</b>.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul buku</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua huruf pertama dari setiap kata dalam judul buku
ditulis dengan menggunakan huruf kapital KECUALI kata-kata tugas seperti
‘dan’, ‘untuk’, ‘di’, ‘yang’, ‘atau’, ‘dari’, ‘ke’, dll.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika daftar pustaka diketik dengan komputer maka
penulisan judul buku dengan menggunakan <b>huruf miring<u> </u></b>(<i>italics</i>).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika ditulis tangan atau diketik manual maka penulisan
judul buku diberi <b>garis bawah</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemisahan antara unsur judul buku dengan unsur tempat
terbit menggunakan <b>tanda titik.</b></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat (kota terbit)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tempat terbit cukup dengan menyebutkan kota di mana
penerbit buku itu berlokasi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemisahan antara unsur tempat terbit dengan nama
penerbit menggunakan tanda <b>titik dua (:)</b></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama penerbit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bagian ini, kita cukup menuliskan nama
perusahaan/lembaga yang menerbitkan buku tersebut.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah unsur nama penerbit diakhiri dengan <b>tanda
titik.</b></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CONTOH :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data buku :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul buku : bahasa, konteks, dan
teks : aspek-aspek bahasa dalam pandangan semantik<br />
Pengarang : M.A.K. Halliday dan Ruqaiya Hasan<br />
Tempat terbit : Yogyakarta<br />
Tahun terbit : 1992<br />
Nama penerbit : Gadjah Mada University Press</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halliday, M.A.K. dan Ru qaiya Hasan.
1992. <i>Bahasa, Konteks, dan Teks : Aspek-Aspek Bahasa dalam Pandangan Semantik.
</i>Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUMBER:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2011/01/menulis-daftar-pustaka/">http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2011/01/menulis-daftar-pustaka/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://girlycious09.wordpress.com/tag/teknik-penulisan-daftar-pustaka/">http://girlycious09.wordpress.com/tag/teknik-penulisan-daftar-pustaka/</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-31400397988388990072012-11-27T07:24:00.002-08:002012-11-27T07:24:34.518-08:00KONVENSI NASKAH<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">KONVENSI NASKAH</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">PENGERTIAN
KONVENSI NASKAH</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika dilihat dari
kata pertama, NASKAH dapat diartikan sebagai KONSEP KARANGAN, dimana karangan
tersebut mengandung keaslian yang tinggi. Dapat pula dikatakan sebagai karangan
yang akan dicetak atau akan diterbitkan. <br />
Naskah merupakan artikel, dan artikel merupakan karya tulis. Jadi artikel
ilmiah merupakan karya yulis yang dirancang untuk dimuat dalam jurnal atau buku
kempulan artikel yang ditulis dengan tata cara ilmiah dan mengikuti pedoman
atau konvensi ilmiah yang telah di sepakati atau diterapkan. <br />
Artikel Ilmiah yang ditulis oleh mahasiswa, dosen, pustakawan, peneliti, dan
penulis lainnya dapat diangkat dari hasil penelitian lapangan, hasil pemikiran,
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<br />
Berdasarkan sistematika penulisan dan isinya, dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua
macam, yaitu: <br />
<br />
(a) Artikel hasil penelitian, dan <br />
(b) Artikel nonpenelitian. <br />
Mahasiswa penulis : Tugas Akhir, Skripsi, Tesis, Desertasi dianjurkan menulis
kembali karyanya dalam bentuk artikel untuk diterbitkan dalam jurnal
penelitian. <br />
Makalah adalah karya tulis yang memuat pemikiran tentang suatu masalah atau
topik tertentu yang ditulis secara sistematis dan runtut dengan disertai
analisis yang logis dan obyektif. <br />
<br />
<br />
Laporan penelitian adalah karya tulis yang berisi paparan tentang proses dan
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<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERBEDAAN NASKAH FORMAL, SEMI FORMAL, DAN NON FORMAL<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
segi persyaratan formal ini, dapat dibedakan lagi karya yang dilakukan
secaraformal, semi-formal, dan non-formal. Yang dimaksud dengan formal adalah
bahwa suatu karya memenuhi semua persyaratan lahiriah yang dituntut oleh
konvensi. Sebaliknya, semi-formal yaitu bila sebuah karangan tidak memenuhi
semua persyaratan lahiriah yang dituntut konvensi. Sedangkan non-for tidak mal
yaitu bila bentuk sebuah karangan tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat formalnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi
dapat disimpulkan perbedaan dari konvensi naskah formal,semi formal, dan non
formal terletak pada sub babnya. Dimana terdapat sub-sub bab naskah formal yang
tidak dipakai atau digunakan dalam naskah semi formal dan non formal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Riwayat Hidup Penulis</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
d. Riwayat Hidup Penulis</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sebuah
karangan formal, harus memenuhi semua syarat di atas. Sebaliknya bila ada
hanya judul, daftar isi, dan kata pengantar atau kurang dari itu, maka
karangan itu disebut sebagai karangan yang semiformal. Karangan yang
nonformal bila karangan itu tidak mempergunakan semua bagian tersebut di
atas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Judul
Cover</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halaman
judul pendahuluan mencantumkan judul karangan atau judul buku; bila
ada judul utama dan judul bawahan anak judul maka yang dicantumkan di
situ adalah judul utama. Halaman ini selalu diberi nomor urut romawi kecil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
Halaman Judul</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halaman
judul adalah halaman yang mutlak perlu, Dalam menyusun halaman judul
buku atau halaman judul skripsi, selain segi teknis, harus diperhatikan pula
segi estetis dan kepentingan tiap kata. Bagian kalimat frasa atau kata
harus ditempatkan secara seimbang di tengah halaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Halaman
Pengesahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Halaman
ini harus disiapkan untuk sebuah Tugas Akhir (TA), skripsi, tesis. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan lain sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Halaman Persembahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian
ini tidak terlalu penting. Bila penulis ingin memasukan bagian ini, maka
hal itu semata-mata dibuat atas pertimbangan penulis. Persembahan ini
jarang melebihi satu halaman, dan biasanya terdiri dari beberapa kata
saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e.
Kata Pengantar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sering terdapat
dua istilah yang saling bertukar penggunaannya yaitu Kata Pengantar dan Kata
Pendahuluan atau Pendahuluan. Sebaiknya penggunaan kedua istilah itu dibedakan.
Kata Pengantar sebaiknya dipergunakan untuk bagian ini, sedangkan Pendahuluan
dipergunakan untuk menyebut bagian awal dari isi karangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah kata pengantar sekurang-kurangnya memuat
hal-hal berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penjelasan dalam rangka apa penulis menyusun
karangan itu, dan mengapa justru memilih bidang pembahasan itu;</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertanggungjawaban
bagaimana karangan itu digarap secara umum;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suka-duka penulis dalam pengumpulan data atau pada
waktu mengadakan penelitian;</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siapa-siapa atau badan-badan mana yang telah memberikan
bantuan dan uluran tangan;</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernyataan terimakasih kepada mereka semua yang
telah memberikan bantuan pada penulis: para dosen yang telah memberi
bimbingan secara khusus, semua dosen yang telah mendidik, pimpinan, dan
semua orang atau badan yang telah disebutkan di atas dalam rangka
pengumpulan data;</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harapan - harapan penulis tentang bermanfaatnya
karangan itu entah bagi pribadi, Nusa Bangsa, dan bagi perkembangan ilmu
pengetahuan itu sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panjangnya kata pengantar boleh satu halaman boleh
juga lebih, tetapi harus diperhatikan agar jangan terlalu panjang lebar,
melainkan harus ringkas dan jelas.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f. Daftar Isi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar isi merupakan petunjuk yang baik bagi pembaca dan
mereka yang ingin membeli sebuah buku. Setiap pembeli ingin mengetahui apa isi
buku itu dan ingin segera mendapat gambaran tentang hal- hal yang khusus
dibicarakan dalam buku tersebut. Atas pertimbangan ini, maka sebaiknya daftar
isi ditempatkan pada bagian pelengkap pendahuluan, sebelum isi karangan itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g. Daftar Tabel & Daftar Gambar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila dalam buku itu terdapat gambar-gambar, tabel-tabel,
keterangan-keterangan lainnya (misalnya singkatan, penjelasan mengenai
pengucapan sebuah bahasa, dsb.), maka dapat disiapkan pula daftar khusus
mengenai hal-hal tersebut. Untuk memudahkan pembaca, maka semua gambar dan
tabel yang dipergunakan dalam buku diberi nomor urut, sehingga mudah dicari.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.2
Bagian Isi Karangan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
bagian isi karangan ini, terbagi menjadi 3 bagian yang terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Pendahuluan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
Bab 1 pendahuluan, berisikan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar
Belakang Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimana berisi kendala atau yang biasa
disebut sebagai masalah yang terjadi. Selain itu berisi ide atau alternatif
usulan yang tentu harus bernilai positif, sehingga mendapatkan solusi ataupun
jawaban dari pilihan alternatif yang optimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ruang
Lingkup dan Batasan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk bagian ini, tentu membatasi ruang
lingkup dari pemasalahan tersebut agar tidak merambat luas dan menyebar pada
masalah lainnya, oleh karna itu dibuatlah batasan masalah. Selain itu berisi
pula seputar cara kerja secara singkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berisikan dua kondisi, yakni
pertama untuk diri sendiri, dan yang kedua tersebut yang memberikan nilai baik
dari pembahasan juga pengerjaan yang dilakukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metodologi
Penelitian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam metodologi penelitian ini, tentu
ada observasi (mengamati), wawancara pada narasumber atau yang mengetahui
tentang yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan bersangkutan, serta melakukan
pengumpulan data (data sheet).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 13.5pt 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Sistematika Penulisan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada bagian sistematika penulisan,
menjelaskan memakai penulisan berapa banyak bab. Misal, untuk pembuatan
penulisan ilmiah pada mahasiswa semester 6 Universitas Gunadarma yang akan
membuat alat haruslah 4 bab, sedangkan yang akan membuat analisis dan studi
literatur maka di wajibkan sebanyak 5 bab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Tubuh
Karangan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tubuh
karangan atau bagian utama karangan merupakan inti karangan berisi sajian
pembahasan masalah. Bagian ini menguraikan seluruh masalah yang dirumuskan pada
pendahuluan secara tuntas (sempurna). Di sinilah terletak segala masalah yang
akan dibahas secara sistematis. Kesempurnaan pembahasan diukur berdasarkan
kelengkapan unsur-unsur berikut ini:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)
Ketuntasan materi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Materi
yang dibahas mencakup seluruh variabel yang tertulis pada kalimat tesis, baik
pembahasan yang berupa data sekunder (kajian teoretik) maupun data primer.
Pembahasan data primer harus menyertakan pembuktian secara logika, fakta yang
telah dianalisis atau diuji kebenarannya, contoh-contoh, dan pembuktian lain
yang dapat mendukung ketuntasan pembenaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)
Kejelasan uraian/ deskripsi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~
Kejelasan konsep</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Konsep adalah keseluruhan pikiran yang terorganisasi secara utuh, jelas,
dan tuntas dalam suatu kesatuan makna. Untuk itu, penguraian dari bab ke sub -
bsb, dari sub - bab ke detail yaang lebih rinci sampai dengan uraian perlu
memperhatikan kepaduan dan koherensial, terutama dalam menganalistis,
menginterpretasikan (menafsirkan) dan menyintesiskan dalam suatu penegasan atau
kesimpulan. Selain itu, penulis perlu memperhatikan konsistensi dalam
penomoran, penggunaan huruf, jarak spasi, teknik kutipan, catatan pustaka, dan
catatan kaki.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~
Kejelasan bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kejelasan dan ketepatan pilihan kata yang dapat diukur kebenarannya.
Untuk mewujudkan hal itu, kata lugas atau kata denotatif lebih baik daripada
kata konotatif atau kata kias (terkecuali dalam pembuatan karangan fikti, kata
konotatif atau kata kias sangat diperlukan). Kejelasan makna kalimat tidak
bermakna ganda, menggunakan struktur kalimat yang betul, menggunakan ejaan yang
baku, menggunakan kelimat efektif, menggunakan koordinatif dan subordinatiff
secara benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~Kejelasan
penyajian dan fakta kebenaran fakta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Kejelasan penyajian fakta dapat diupayakan dengan berbagai cara, antara
lain : penyajian dari umum ke khusus, dari yang terpenting ke kurang penting;
kejelasan urutan proses. Untuk menunjang kejelasan ini perlu didukung dengan
gambar, grafik, bagan tabel, diagram, dan foto - foro. Namun, kebenaran fakta
sendiri harus diperhatikan kepastiannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal
lain yang harus dihindarkan dalam penulisan karangan (ilmiah) :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subjektivitas
dengan menggunakan kata-kata: saya pikir, saya rasa, menurut pengalaman
saya, dan lain-lain. Atasi subjektivitas ini dengan menggunakan:
penelitian membuktikan bahwa…, uji laboratorium membuktikan bahwa…, survei
membuktikan bahwa…,</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesalahan:
pembuktian pendapat tidak mencukupi, penolakan konsep tanpa alasan yang
cukup, salah nalar, penjelasan tidak tuntas, alur pikir (dari topik sampai
dengan simpulan) tidak konsisten, pembuktian dengan prasangka atau
berdasarkan kepentingan pribadi, pengungkapan maksud yang tidak jelas
arahnya, definisi variabel tidak (kurang) operasional, proposisi yang
dikembangkan tidak jelas, terlalu panjang, atau bias, uraian tidak sesuai
dengan judul</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.
Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesimpulan
atau simpulan merupakan bagian terakhir atau penutup dari isi karangan, dan
juga merupakan bagian teroenting sebuah karangan ilmiah. Pembaca yang tidak
memiliki cukup waktu untuk membaca naskah seutuhnya cenderung akan membaca
bagian - bagian penting saja, antara lain kesimpulan. Oleh karena itu,
kesimpulan harus disusun sebaik mungkin. Kesimpulan harus dirumuskan dengan
tegas sebagai suatu pendapat pengarang atau penulis terhadap masalah yang telah
diuraikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulis
dapat merumuskan kesimpulannya dengan dua cara :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
tulisan-tulisan yang bersifat argumentatif, dapat dibuat
ringkasan-ringkasan argumen yang penting dalam bentuk dalil-dalil (atau
tesis-tesis), sejalan dengan perkembangan dalam tubuh karangan itu.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
kesimpulan-kesimpulan biasa, cukup disarikan tujuan atau isi yang umum
dari pokok-pokok yang telah diuraikan dalam tubuh karangan itu. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.3
Bagian Pelengkap Penutup</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian
pelengkap penutup juga merupakan syarat-syarat formal bagi suatu karangan
ilmiah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Daftar pustaka <i>(Bibliografi)</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap
karangan ilmiah harus menggunakan data pustaka atau catatan kaki dan dilengkapi
dengan daftar bacaan. Daftar pustaka (bibliografi) adalah daftar yang berisi
judul buku, artikel, dan bahan penerbitan lainnya yang mempunyai pertalian
dengan sebuah atau sebagian karangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unsur-unsur
daftar pustaka meliputi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*
Nama pengarang: penulisannya dibalik dengan menggunakan koma.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Tahun
terbit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Judul
buku: penulisannya bercetak miring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Data
publikasi, meliputi tempat/kota terbit, dan penerbit..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">* Untuk
sebuah artikel diperlukan pula judul artikel, nama majalah, jilid, nomor, dan
tahun terbit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tarigan,
Henry<i>. 1990. Membaca sebagai Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa. </i>Bandung:
Angkasa<i>. (Banyak versi lainnya, misal: Sistem Harvard, Sistem Vancover, dan
lain-lain)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Jika buku itu disusun oleh dua pengarang, nama pengarang kedua tidak
perlu </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dibalik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Jika
buku itu disusun oleh lembaga, nama lembaga itu yang dipakai untuk </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
menggantikan nama pengarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">·
Jika buku itu merupakan editorial (bunga rampai), nama editor yang dipakai
dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
di belakangnya diberi keterangan <i>ed.</i> <i>‘editor’</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Nama
gelar pengarang lazimnya tidak dituliskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">· Daftar
pustaka disusun secara alfabetis berdasarkan urutan huruf awal nama </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
belakang pengarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.
Lampiran<i> (Apendix)</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lampiran
(apendix) merupakan suatu bagian pelengkap yang fungsinya terkadang tumpang
tindih dengan catatan kaki. Bila penulis ingin memasukan suatu bahan informasi
secara panjang lebar, atau sesuatu informasi yang baru, maka dapat dimasukkan
dalam lampiran ini. Lampiran ini dapat berupa esai, cerita, daftar nama, model
analisis, dan lain-lain. Lampiran ini disertakan sebagai bagian dari pembuktian
ilmiah. Penyajian dalam bentuk lampiran agar tidak mengganggu pembahasan jika
disertakan dalam uraian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.
Indeks</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indeks
adalah daftar kata atau istilah yang digunakan dalam uraian dan disusun secara
alfabetis (urut abjad). Penulisan indeks disertai nomor halaman yang
mencantumkan penggunaan istilah tersebut. Indeks berfungsi untuk memudahkan pencarian
kata dan penggunaannya dalam pembahasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.
Riwayat Hidup Penulis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buku,
skripsi, tesis, disertasi perlu disertai daftar riwayat hidup. Dalam skripsi
menuntut daftar RHP lebih lengkap. Daftar riwayat hidup merupakan gambaran
kehidupan penulis atau pengarang. Daftar riwayat hidup meliputi: nama penulis,
tempat tanggal lahir, pendidikan, pengalaman berorganisasi atau pekerjaan, dan
karya-karya yang telah dihasilkan oleh penulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3
Pengelompokan Naskah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
Pengelompokan naskah ini, dibedakan pula karya yang dilakukan secara <i>formal,
semi-formal</i>, dan <i>non-formal.</i> Suatu karya memenuhi semua
persyaratan lahiriah yang dituntut oleh konvensi dinamakan formal. Bila
sebuah karangan tidak memenuhi semua persyaratan lahiriah yang dituntut
konvensi, ini yang dinamakan semi-formal. Bila bentuk sebuah karangan
tidak memenuhi syarat - syarat formalnya, maka inilah yang
dinamakan non-formal . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif";">SUMBER:<br />
http://prasetyoputra-milan.blogspot.com/</span></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-87391500770326073852012-11-18T19:54:00.000-08:002012-11-18T19:54:13.516-08:00PENGERTIAN TOPIK, TEMA, JUDUL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN TOPIK</span></div>
Pengertian topik adalah berasal dari bahasa Yunani “topoi” yang berarti
tempat, dalam tulis menulis bebarti pokok pembicaraan atau sesuatu yang menjadi
landasan penulisan suatu artikel.<br />
Cara Membatasi Topik<br />
Cara membatasi sebuah topik dapat dilakukan dengan mempergunakan cara sebagai
berikut:<br />
1.Tetapkanlah topik yang akan digarap dalam kedudukan sentral.<br />
2.Mengajukan pertanyaan, apakah topik yang berada dalam kedudukan sentral itu
masih dapat dirinci lebih lanjut? Bila dapat, tempatkanlah rincian itu sekitar
lingkaran topik pertama tadi.<br />
3.Tetapkanlah dari rincian tadi mana yang akan dipilih.<br />
4.Mengajukan pertanyaan apakah sektor tadi masih dapat dirinci lebih lanjut
atau tidak.<br />
SYARAT TOPIK YANG BAIK<br />
<span class="fullpost">1). Menarik untuk ditulis dan dibaca.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Topik yang menarik bagi penulis akan meningkatkan
kegairahan dalam mengembangkan penulisannya, dan bagi pembaca akan mengundang
minat untuk membacanya.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">2). Dikuasai dengan baik oleh penulis minimal
prinsip-prinsip ilmiah. </span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Untuk menghasilkan tulisan yang baik, penulis harus
menguasai teori-teori (data sekunder), data di lapangan (data primer). Selain
itu, penulis juga harus menguasai waktu, biaya, metode pembahasan, bahasa yang
digunakan, dan bidang ilmu.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">2.Pembatasan sebuah topik</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Topik harus terbatas. Pembatasan sebuah topik mencangkup:
konsep, variabel, data, lokasi(lembaga) pengumpulan data, dan waktu pengumpulan
data.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="fullpost">Topik yang terlalu luas menghasilkan tulisan yang dangkal,
tidak mendalam, dan tidak tuntas. Selain itu, pembahasan menjadi tidak fokus
pada masalah utama yang ditulis atau dibaca. Akibatnya, pembahasan menjadi
panjang, namun tidak berisi. Sebaliknya, topik yang terlalu sempit menghasilkan
tulisan yang tidak (kurang) bermanfaat bagi pembacanya. Selain itu, karangan
menjadi sulit dikembangkan, hubungan variabel kurang jelas, tidak menarik untuk
dibahas atau dibaca. Oleh Karena itu, pembahasan topik harus dilakukan secara
cermat, sesuai dengan kemampuan dana, tenaga, waktu, tempat, dan kelayakan yang
dapat siterima oleh pembacanya.</span>.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber-sumber
mendapatkan topic yang baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber-sumber untuk menulis sebuah
topik datangnya bisa lewat mana saja , antara lain yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Sumber pengalaman
kita ataupun orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Sumber-sumber
pengamatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Sumber-sumber
imajinasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
- Dan hasil dari
penalaran kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENGERTIAN TEMA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tema berasal dari bahasa Yunani
“thithenai”, berarti sesuatu yang telah diuraikan atau sesuatu yang telah
ditempatkan. Tema merupakan amanat utama yang disampaikan oleh penulis melalui
karangannya. Dalam karang mengarang, tema adalah pokok pikiran yang mendasari
karangan yang akan disusun. Dalam tulis menulis, tema adalah pokok bahasan yang
akan disusun menjadi tulisan. Tema ini yang akan menentukan arah tulisan atau
tujuan dari penulisan artikel itu. Menentukan tema berarti menentukan apa
masalah sebenarmya yang akan ditulis atau diuraikan oleh penulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tema merupakan persoalan utama yang
diungkapkan oleh pengarang dalam sesebuah karya kesusteraan seperti cerpen atau
novel. Biasanya tema diolah berdasarkan sesuatu motif tertentu yang terdiri
dari pada objek, peristiwa kejadian dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada pendapat lain yang mengatakan
bahawa tema sebagai satu gagasan, pikiran atau persoalan utama yang mendasari
sesebuah karya sastra dan terungkap secara langsung (eksplisit) atau tidak
langsung (implisit). Tema dalam sesebuah cerita tidak dapat dilihat sepenuhnya
sehingga cerita itu selesai dibaca. Selain itu, tema dapat dikesan melalui:
perwatakan watak-watak dalam sesebuah cerita, peristiwa, kisah, suasana dan
unsur lain seperti nilai-nilai kemanusian dan kemasyarakatan yang terdapat
dalam cerita. Persoalan-persoalan yang disungguhkan dan kemudian mendapatkan
pokok persoalannya secara keseluruhan. cerita diselesaikan, semuanya menentukan
rupa tema yang dikemukakan oleh pengarang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> SYARAT-SYARATTEMA
YANG BAIK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Tema menarik perhatian penulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Dapat
membuat seorang penulis berusaha terus-menerus untuk membuat tulisan atau
karangan yang berkaitan dengan tema tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Tema dikenal/diketahui dengan
baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Maksudnya
pengetahuan umum yang berhubungan dengan tema tersebut sudah dimilki oleh
penulis supaya lebih mudah dalam penulisan tulisan/karangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Bahan-bahannya dapat diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sebuh
tema yang baik harus dapat dipikirkan apakah bahannya cukup tersedia di sekitar
kita atau tidak. Bila cukup tersedia, hal ini memungkinkan penulis untuk dapat
memperolehnya kemudian mempelajari dan menguasai sepenuhnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Tema dibatasi ruang lingkupnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tema yang
terlampau umum dan luas yang mungkin belum cukup kemampuannya untuk
menggarapnya akan lebih bijaksana kalau dibatasi ruang lingkupnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tema dapat dikesan melalui:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Perwatakan watak-watak dalam
sesebuah cerita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Peristiwa,kisah,suasana dan unsur
lain seperti nilai-nilai kemanusian dan kemasyarakatan yang terdapat dalam
cerita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Persoalan-persoalan yang
disungguhkan dan kemudian mendapatkan pokok persoalannya secara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keseluruhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Plot cerita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. Tema harus Bermanfaat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Tema yang dipilih harus berada
disekitar kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. Tema yang dipilih harus yang
menarik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Tema yang dipilih ruang lingkup
sempit dan terbatas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Tema yang dipilih memiliki data
dan fakta yang obyektif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Tema yang dipilih harus memiliki
sumber acuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUMBER-SUMBER
MENDAPATKAN TEMA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber-sumber untuk menulis sebuah
tema datangnya bisa lewat mana saja , kapan saja, dan dimana saja antara lain
yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Sumber
pengalaman kita ataupun orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Sumber-sumber
pengamatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Sumber-sumber
imajinasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Dan
hasil dari penalaran kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> PENGERTIAN
JUDUL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul adalah perincian atau
penjabaran dari topik. Judul lebih spesifik dan sering telah menyiratkan
permasalahan atau variabel yang akan dibahas. Judul juga merupakan nama yang
dipakai untuk buku, bab dalam buku, kepala berita, dan lain-lain; identitas
atau cermin dari jiwa seluruh karya tulis, bersipat menjelaskan diri dan yang
manarik perhatian dan adakalanya menentukan wilayah (lokasi). Dalam artikel
judul sering disebut juga kepala tulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada yang mendefinisikan Judul adalah
lukisan singkat suatu artikel atau disebut juga miniatur isi bahasan. Judul
hendaknya dibuat dengan ringkas, padat dan menarik. Judul artikel diusahakan
tidak lebih dari lima kata, tetapi cukup menggambarkan isi bahasan. Judul tidak
harus sama dengan topik. Jika topik sekaligus menjadi judul, biasanya karangan
akan bersifat umum dan ruang lingkupnya sangat luas. Judul dibuat setelah
selesai menggarap tema, shingga bisa terjamin bahwa judul itu cocok dengan
temanya. Sebuah judul yang baik akan merangsang perhatian pembaca dan akan
cocok dengan temanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judul hanya menyebut ciri-ciri yang
utama atau yang terpenting dari karya itu, sehingga pembaca sudah dapat
membayangkan apa yang akan diuraikan dalam karya itu. Ada judul yang
mengungkapkan maksud pengarang, misalnya dalam sebuah laporan eksposisi,
contohnya : “Suatu Penelitian tentang Korelasi antara Kejahatan Anak-anak dan
Tempat Kediaman yang Tidak Memadai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> FUNGSI
JUDUL :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Merupakan
identitas atau cermin dari jiwa seluruh tulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Temanya
menjelaskan diri dan menarik sehingga mengundang orang untuk </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> membaca
isinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Gambaran global
tentang arah, maksud, tujuan, dan ruang lingkupnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Relevan dengan
seluruh isi tulisan, maksud masalah, dan tujuannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> SYARAT-
SYARAT PEMBUATAN JUDUL :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Harus relevan =
Mempunyai keterkaitan dengan temanya atau bagian-bagian penting dari tema.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Harus provokatif
= Menarik sedemikian rupa sehingga menimbulkan rasa ingin tahu tiap pembaca
terhadap isi tulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Harus singkat =
Tidak boleh mengambil kalimat atau frasa yang panjang, tetapi harus berbentuk
kata atau rangkaian kata yang singkat. Jika penulis tidak dapat menghindari
judul yang panjang, maka dapat menggunakan solusi dengan membuat judul utama
yang singkat, tetapi dengan judul tambahan yang panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Harus asli =
Jangan menggunakan judul yang sudah pernah dipakai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SYARAT-SYARAT
JUDUL YANG BAIK :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Harus
berbentuk frasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Tanpa
ada singkatan atau akronim.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Awal
kata harus huruf kapital, kecuali preposisi dan konjungsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Tanpa
tanda baca di akhir judul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Menarik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Logis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Sesuai
dengan isi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENGERTIAN
JUDUL LANGSUNG DAN TAK LANGSUNG :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Judul langsung : Judul
yang erat kaitannya dengan bagian utama berita, sehingga hubungannya dengan
bagian utama berita terlihat jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Judul tak langsung :
Judul yang hubungannya tidak langsung dengan bagian utama berita, tetapi tetap
menjiwai seluruh isi tulisan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://agiboyz.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/tugas-softskill-6-membedakan-tema-topik-dan-judul/">http://agiboyz.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/tugas-softskill-6-membedakan-tema-topik-dan-judul/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://yukfuk.wordpress.com/2010/04/22/topik-tema-judul/">http://yukfuk.wordpress.com/2010/04/22/topik-tema-judul/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://blogkublogku.blogspot.com/2009/11/syarat-topik-yang-baik-pembatasan.html">http://blogkublogku.blogspot.com/2009/11/syarat-topik-yang-baik-pembatasan.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://yukfuk.wordpress.com/2010/04/22/topik-tema-judul/">http://yukfuk.wordpress.com/2010/04/22/topik-tema-judul/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
jafarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12954627772270309972noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-270994126437927145.post-73590013533439742032012-11-12T00:32:00.001-08:002012-11-12T00:32:08.968-08:00PARAGRAF<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PARAGRAF</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.Pengertian
paragraph</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Paragraf (Alenia) merupakan
kumpulan suatu kesatuan pikiran yang lebih tinggi dan lebih luas dari pada
kalimat. Alenia merupakan kumpulan kalimat, tetapi kalimat yang bukan sekedar
berkumpul, melainkan berhubungan antara yang satu dengan yang lain dalam suatu
rangkaian yang membentuk suatu kalimat, dan juga bisa disebut dengan penuangan
ide penulis melalui kalimat atau kumpulan alimat yang satu dengan yang lain
yang berkaitan dan hanya memiliki suatu topic atau tema. Paragraf juga disebut
sebagai karangan singkat.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Koherensi</span></span></div>
syarat kedua yang harus dipenuhi sebuah paragraf adalah bahwa paragraf
tersebut harus mengandung koherensi atau kepaduan yang baik. Kepaduan yang baik
itu terjadi apabila hubungan timbal balik antara kalimat-kalimat yang membina
paragraf tersebut, baik, wajar, dan mudah dipahami tanpa kesulitan. Pembaca
dengan mudah mengikuti jalan pikiran penulis, tanpa merasa bahwa ada sesuatu
yang menghambat atau semacam jurang yang memisahkan sebuah kalimat dari kalimat
lainnya, tidak terasa loncatan-loncatan pikiran yang membingungkan (Keraf,
1980:75).<br />
Kepaduan bergantung dari penyusunan detil-detil dan gagasan-gagasan sekian
macam sehingga pembaca dapat melihat dengan mudah hubungan antar bgaian-bagian
tersebut. Jika sebuah paragraf tidak memliki kepaduan, maka pembaca seolah-olah
hanya menghadapi suatu kelompok kalimat yang masing-masing berdiri lepas dari yang
lain, masing-masing dengan gagasannya sendiri, bukan suatu uraian yang
integral.<br />
Pendeknya sebuah paragraf ang tidak memiliki kepaduan yang baik, akan
menghadapkan pembaca dengn loncatan-loncatan pikiran yang membingungkan,
menghadapkan pembaca dengan urutan waktu dan fakta yang tidak teratur, atau
pengembangan gagasan utamanya dengan perincian yang tidak logis dan tidak lagi
berorientasi kepada pokok uatama tadi.<br />
Dengan demikian kalimat-kalimat dalam paragraf bukanlah kalimat-kalimat yang
dapat berdiri sendiri. Kalimat-kalimat tersebut harus mempunyai hubungan timbal
balik, artinya kalimat pertama berhubungan dengan kalimat kedua, kalimat kedua
berhubungan dengan kalimat ketiga, demikian seterusnya. Koherensi suatu
paragraf dapat ditunjukkan oleh.<br />
a. Pengulangan kata/kelompok kata kunci atau disebut repetisi<br />
b. Penggantian kata/kelompok kata atau subtitusi<br />
c. Pengulangan kata/kelompok kata atau transisi<br />
d. Hubungan implisit atau penghilangan kata/kelompok kata tertentu atau
ellipsis<br />
Berikut ini dikemukakan kata-kata atau frase transisi, seperti dikemukakan
oleh Keraf (1980:80-81).<br />
a. Hubungan yang menyatakan tambah terhadap sesuatu yang telah disebut,
misalnya: lebih lagi, tambahan, lagi pula, selanjutnya, di damping itu,
akhirnya, dan sebagainya.<br />
b. Hubungan yang menyatakan pertentangan, misalnya: tetapi, namun,
bagaimanapun juga, sebaliknya, walaupun, demikian, biarpun, meskipun.<br />
c. Hubungan yang menyatakan perbandingan, misalnya: sama halnya, seperti,
dalam hal yang sama, dalam hal yang demikian, sebagaimana.<br />
d. Hubungan yang menyatakan akibat, misalnya; sebab itu, oleh sebab itu,
oleh karena itu, jadi, maka, akibatnya, karena itu.<br />
e. Hubungan yang menyatakan tujuan, misalnya: untuk maksud itu, untuk maksud
tertentu, untuk maksud tersebut, supaya.<br />
f. Hubungan yang menyatakan singkatan, misalnya contoh intensifikasi:
singkatnya, ringkasnya, secara singkat, pendeknya, pada umumnya, dengan kata
lain, yakni, yaitu, sesungguhnya.<br />
g. Hubungan yang menyatkn waktu, misalnya: sementara itu, segera, beberapa
saat kemudian, sesudah, kemudian.<br />
h. Hubungan yang menyatakan tempat, misalnya: di sini, di situ, dekat, di
seberang, berdekatan dengan, berdampingan dengan.<br />
Contoh paragraf menggunakan transisi yang benar.<br />
Perkuliahan bahasa Indonesia sering dapat membosankan, sehingga tidak dapat
perhatian sama sekali dari mahasiswa. <u>Hal ini</u> disebabkan bahwa kuliah
yang disajikan dosen sebenarnya merupakan masalah yang sudah diketahui
mahasiswa, atau merupakan masalah yang tidak diperlukan mahasiswa. <u>Di
samping itu</u> mahasiswa yang sudah mempelajari bahasa Indonesia sejak mereka
duduk di bangku sekolah dasar atau sekurang-kurangnya sudah mempelajari bahasa
Indonesia selama dua belas tahun, merasa sudah mampu menggunakan bahasa
Indonesia. <u>Akibatnya</u> memilih atau menentukan bahan kuliah yang akan
diberikan kepada mahasiswa merupakan kesulitan tersendiri bagi para pengajar.<br />
Perhatikan kata atau frase transisi yang digunakan (digarisbawahi) menatakan
hubungan kalimat. Tanpa menggunakan frase transisi ini tulisan di atas akan
terpotong-potong dan hubungan antar kalimat tidak jelas<br />
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Kesatuan</div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Yang dimaksud dengan kesatuan (<em>unity</em>) adalah
bahwa paragraf tersebut harus memperlihatkan dengan jelas suatu maksud atau
sebuah tema tertentu. Kesatuan di sini tidak boleh diartikan bahwa saja hanya memuat
satu hal saja. Sebuah alinea yang mempunyai kesatuan bisa saja mengandung
beberapa hal atau beberapa perincian, tetapi semua unsur tadi haruslah
bersama-sama digerakkan untuk menunjang maksud tunggal. Maksud tungggal itulah
yang ingin disampaikan penulis dalam alinea itu (Keraf, 1980:67).</div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Jadi kesatuan atau <em>unity</em> di sini bukan berarti
satu atau singkat kalimatnya, melainkan berarti kalimat-kalimat yang ada dalam
paragraf tersebut menyatu untuk mendukung pikiran utama sehingga merupakan satu
kesatuan yang utuh. Contoh paragraf yang memenuhi persyaratan kesatuan.</div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Masalah mahasiswa di Indonesia umum sekali. Mereka
kebanyakan sulit untuk sepenuhnya memusatkan perhatian pada studi mereka.
Kebanyakan dari mereka adalah pemuda-pemuda dari keluarga biasa yang kurang
mampu. Para mahasiswa itu pun mencari pekerjaan. Oleh karena itu selama belajar
mereka kadang-kadang terganggu oleh keadaan ekonomi.</div>
Unsur-unsur paragraph atau alinea<br />
<strong><u>3.UNSUR-UNSUR PARAGRAF(ALINEA)</u></strong>.<br />
UNSUR-UNSUR PARAGRAF:<br />
1. Topik/ tema/ gagasan utama/ gagasan inti/ pokok pikiran<br />
2. <strong>Kalimat utama atau pikiran utama </strong>yang menjadi dasar
pengembangan sebuah paragraf. Gagasan atau pikiran utama itu dapat dikembangkan
ke dalam kalimat. <strong>Kalimat yang mengandung pikiran utama disebut kalimat
utama. </strong>Keberadaan kalimat utama itu bisa di awal paragraf, di akhir
paragraf maupun diawal dan diakhir paragraf.<br />
3. <strong>Kalimat penjelas gagasan </strong>yang fungsinya menjelaskan gagasan
utma. Gasasan penjelas biasanya dinyatakan ke dalam beberapa kalimat. <strong>Kalimat
yang mengandung gagasan penjelas disebut kalimat penjelas.</strong><b><br />
</b>4. Judul (kepala karangan).<br />
<strong>*Syarat suatu judul:</strong><b><br />
</b>a. Provokatif (menarik)<br />
b. Berbentuk frase<br />
c. Relevan (sesuai dengan isi)<br />
d. Logis<br />
e. Spesifik<br />
<strong>**Berdasarkan penempatan inti gagasan atau ide pokok, alinea terbagi
dalam beberapa jenis yaitu sebagai berikut: </strong><br />
<b><br />
</b>1. Deduktif: kalimat utama atau ide pokok diletakkan pada awal alinea<br />
2. Induktif: kalimat utama atau ide pokok diletakkan pada akhir alinea<br />
3. Variatif: kalimat utama diletakkan pada awal dan diulang pada akhir alinea<br />
4. Deskriptif atau naratif: kalimat utama termuat dalam seluruh alinea.<br />
TUJUAN PARAGRAF<br />
Tujuan <b>paragraf </b>adalah untuk memberikan kketerangan ,penjelasan,atau
informasi sejelas-jelasnya untuk menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan pembaca
paragraf juga sering disebut sebagai sebuah paparan.<br />
MACAM-MACAM PARAGRAF ATAU ALINEA<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan
penempatan ide pokok pada alinea,dapat ditentukan jenis alinea yang akan
dibuat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea deduktif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila ide pokok di
tempatkan pada bagian awal alinea,maka alinea ini disebut deduktif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea induktif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila ide pokoknya
ditempatkan pada bagian akhir,maka alinea ini disebut induktif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea campuran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea yang ide
pokoknya secara simultan ditempatkan pada bagian awal dan akhir disebut alinea
campuran.Biasanya ide yang terdapat pada bagian akhir merupakan pengulangan ide
yang terdapat pada bagian awal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea deskriptif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada jenis alinea ini
ide pokok tidak ditempatkan pada salah satu kalimat yang membangun alinea
karena tidak ada satu pun yang lebih penting daripada ide lainnya.ide pokoknya
merupakan kesimpulan tersirat yang tidak dicantumkan pada alinea
tersebut.jadi,ide pokok disini tidak dinyatakan secara eksplisit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis alinea dapat pula ditentukan
berdasarkan cara kita mengembangkan ide dan alat Bantu yang digunakan untuk
menjaga kesinambungan pengungkapan ide atau keruntunan ide.jenis alinera
tersebut adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea definisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea contoh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea perbandingan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea analogi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea klimaks atau induktif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea anti klimaks atau deduktif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea campuran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea sebab akibat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea proses</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alinea deskriptif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Isi/Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Paragraf Narasi ( Menceritakan )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paragraf Narasi adalah paragraf yang
menceritakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang didalamya terdapat alur cerita,
setting, tokoh dan konflik tetapi tidak memiliki kalimat utama. <br />
<br />
<b>Ciri-cirinya:</b> ada kejadian, ada palaku, dan ada waktu kejadian.<br />
<br />
<b>Contoh Paragraf Narasi : </b><br />
Jam istirahat. Roy tengah menulis sesuatu di buku agenda sambil menikmati bekal
dari rumah. Sesekali kepalanya menengadah ke langit-langit
perpustakaan,mengernyitakan kening,tersenyum dan kembali menulis. Asyik
sekali,seakan diruang perpustakaan hanya ada dia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Paragraf Deskripsi ( Menggambarkan )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paragraf Deskripsi adalah paragraf
yang menggambarkan suatu objek sehingga pembaca seakan bisa melihat, mendengar,
atau merasa objek yang digambarkan itu. Objek yang dideskripsikan dapat berupa
orang, benda, atau tempat.<br />
<br />
<b>Ciri-cirinya: </b>ada objek yang digambarkan atau menggunakan panca indera.<br />
<br />
<b>Contoh Paragraf Deskripsi :</b><br />
Perempuan itu tinggi semampai. Jilbab warna ungu yang menutupi kepalanya
membuat kulit wajanya yang kuning nampak semakin cantik. Matanya bulat bersinar
disertai bulu mata yang tebal. Hidungnya mancung sekali mirip dengan para
wanita palestina.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
Paragraf Persuasi ( Mengajak )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paragraf Persuasi adalah paragraf
yang mengajak, membujuk, atau mempengaruhi pembaca agar melakukan sesuatu.<br />
<br />
<b>Ciri-cirinya :</b> ada bujukan atau ajakan untuk berbuat sesuatu.<br />
<br />
<b>Contoh Paragraf Persuasi :</b><br />
Susu sangat baik untuk kesehatan kita. Susu mengandung banyak kalsium yang
sangat berguna untuk pertumbuhan tulang kita. Selain itu, susu juga memiliki
banyak protein yang bisa membantu meningkatkan kecerdasan otak kita. Oleh
karena itu, marilah kita perbanyak meminum susu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Paragraf Argumentasi ( Pendapat )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paragraf Argumentasi adalah sebuah
paragraf yang menjelaskan pendapat dengan berbagai keterangan dan alasan. Hal
ini dimaksudkan untuk meyakinkan pembaca. <br />
<br />
<b>Ciri-cirinya:</b> ada pendapat dan ada alasannya.<br />
<br />
<b>Contoh Paragraf Argumentasi : </b><br />
Sebagian anak Indonesia belum dapat menikmati kebahagiaan masa kecilnya.
Pernyataan demikian pernah dikemukakan oleh seorang pakar psikologi pendidikan
Sukarton (1992) bahwa anakanak kecil di bawah umur 15 tahun sudah banyak yang
dilibatkan untuk mencari nafkah oleh orang tuanya. Hal ini dapat dilihat masih
banyaknya anak kecil yang mengamen atau mengemis di perempatan jalan atau
mengais kotak sampah di TPA, kemudian hasilnya diserahkan kepada orang tuanya
untuk menopang kehidupan keluarga. Lebih-lebih sejak negeri kita terjadi krisis
moneter, kecenderungan orang tua mempekerjakan anak sebagai penopang ekonomi
keluarga semakin terlihat di mana-mana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Paragraf Eksposisi ( Menjelaskan )</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paragraf
Eksposisi adalah paragraf yang berisi ide, pendapat, buah pikiran, informasi,
atau pengetahuan yang ditulis dengan tujuan untuk memperluas wawasan pembaca.<br />
<br />
<b>Ciri-cirinya:</b> biasanya terdapat kata "adalah" dan merupakan
informasi.<br />
<br />
<b>Contoh Paragraf Eksposisi :</b><br />
<br />
Ciplukan adalah tumbuhan semak yang biasa tumbuh di tanah-tanah kosong yang
tidak terlalu becek dan hanya bisa ditemukan saat musim penghujan. Tumbuhan ini
biasanya mempunyai tinggi antara 30-50 Cm, batangnya berwarna hijau kekuningan,
buahnya berbentuk bulat dan berwarna kuning. Selain mempunyai rasa yang manis,
ternyata buah ciplukan menyimpan beberapa khasiat penting untuk menyembuhkan
beberapa penyakit.<br />
<br />
Nah, gimana <b>Macam-Macam Paragraf dan contohnya</b> diatas? Kalau masih
bingung saya punya cara mudah untuk membedakan macam-macam paragraf diatas,
cara ini diajarkan oleh Guru Bahasa Indonesia saya waktu di SMA. Begini kata
beliau "Inget aja inti-inti dari jenis paragraf tersebut yaitu Narasi
(Menceritakan), Deskripsi (Menggambarkan), Persuasi (Mengajak), Argumentasi
(Pendapat), dan Eksposisi (Menjelaskan)".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.disukai.com/2012/10/macam-macam-paragraf-dan-contohnya.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.disukai.com/2012/10/macam-macam-paragraf-dan-contohnya.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://merrysarlita.blogspot.com/2010/10/paragraf-alinea_29.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://merrysarlita.blogspot.com/2010/10/paragraf-alinea_29.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://faktajujur.blogspot.com/2012/08/contoh-paragraf-eksposisi-bahasa.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://faktajujur.blogspot.com/2012/08/contoh-paragraf-eksposisi-bahasa.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://tithagalz.wordpress.com/2010/10/24/paragrafalinea/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://tithagalz.wordpress.com/2010/10/24/paragrafalinea/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://arrester.wordpress.com/tag/bahasa-indonesia/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://arrester.wordpress.com/tag/bahasa-indonesia/</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://cia-worls.blogspot.com/2011/10/pengertian-paragraf-alenia.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://cia-worls.blogspot.com/2011/10/pengertian-paragraf-alenia.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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